The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion



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THREE VERSUS SIX

To put this all together: Moral Foundations Theory says that there

are (at least) six psychological systems that comprise the universal

foundations  of  the  world’s  many  moral  matrices.

53

  The  various



moralities found on the political left tend to rest most strongly on

the  Care/harm  and  Liberty/oppression  foundations.  These  two

foundations  support  ideals  of  social  justice,  which  emphasize

compassion for the poor and a struggle for political equality among

the  subgroups  that  comprise  society.  Social  justice  movements

emphasize solidarity—they call for people to come together to  ght

the oppression of bullying, domineering elites. (This is why there is

no separate equality foundation. People don’t crave equality for its

own sake; they  ght for equality when they perceive that they are

being  bullied  or  dominated,  as  during  the  American  and  French

revolutions, and the cultural revolutions of the 1960s.)

54

FIGURE



 8.6. Fairness as proportionality. The right is usually more

concerned about catching and punishing free riders than is the left.




(Campaign poster for the Conservative Party in the UK

parliamentary elections of 2010.)

Everyone—left,  right,  and  center—cares  about  Care/harm,  but

liberals  care  more.  Across  many  scales,  surveys,  and  political

controversies,  liberals  turn  out  to  be  more  disturbed  by  signs  of

violence and su ering, compared to conservatives and especially to

libertarians.

55

Everyone—left, 



right, 

and 


center—cares 

about


Liberty/oppression,  but  each  political  faction  cares  in  a  di erent

way. In the contemporary United States, liberals are most concerned

about the rights of certain vulnerable groups (e.g., racial minorities,

children, animals), and they look to government to defend the weak

against  oppression  by  the  strong.  Conservatives,  in  contrast,  hold

more  traditional  ideas  of  liberty  as  the  right  to  be  left  alone,  and

they often resent liberal programs that use government to infringe

on  their  liberties  in  order  to  protect  the  groups  that  liberals  care

most about.

56

 For example, small business owners overwhelmingly



support  the  Republican  Party

57

  in  part  because  they  resent  the



government  telling  them  how  to  run  their  businesses  under  its

banner  of  protecting  workers,  minorities,  consumers,  and  the

environment.  This  helps  explain  why  libertarians  have  sided  with

the  Republican  Party  in  recent  decades.  Libertarians  care  about

liberty  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  all  other  concerns,

58

  and  their



conception of liberty is the same as that of the Republicans: it is the

right to be left alone, free from government interference.

The Fairness/cheating foundation is about proportionality and the

law  of  karma.  It  is  about  making  sure  that  people  get  what  they

deserve, and do not get things they do not deserve. Everyone—left,

right, and center—cares about proportionality; everyone gets angry

when  people  take  more  than  they  deserve.  But  conservatives  care

more, and they rely on the Fairness foundation more heavily—once

fairness is restricted to proportionality. For example, how relevant is

it to your morality whether “everyone is pulling their own weight”?

Do you agree that “employees who work the hardest should be paid

the  most”?  Liberals  don’t  reject  these  items,  but  they  are




ambivalent. Conservatives, in contrast, endorse items such as these

enthusiastically.

59

Liberals may think that they own the concept of karma because of



its New Age associations, but a morality based on compassion and

concerns  about  oppression  forces  you  to  violate  karma

(proportionality)  in  many  ways.  Conservatives,  for  example,  think

it’s  self-evident  that  responses  to  crime  should  be  based  on

proportionality, as shown in slogans such as “Do the crime, do the

time,”  and  “Three  strikes  and  you’re  out.”  Yet  liberals  are  often

uncomfortable  with  the  negative  side  of  karma—retribution—as

shown  on  the  bumper  sticker  in 

gure  8.7

.  After  all,  retribution

causes  harm,  and  harm  activates  the  Care/harm  foundation.  A

recent study even found that liberal professors give out a narrower

range  of  grades  than  do  conservative  professors.  Conservative

professors are more willing to reward the best students and punish

the worst.

60

The 



remaining 

three 


foundations—Loyalty/betrayal,

Authority/subversion,  and  Sanctity/degradation—show  the  biggest

and  most  consistent  partisan  di erences.  Liberals  are  ambivalent

about  these  foundations  at  best,  whereas  social  conservatives

embrace them. (Libertarians have little use for them, which is why

they  tend  to  support  liberal  positions  on  social  issues  such  as  gay

marriage, drug use, and laws to “protect” the American  ag.)

FIGURE


 8.7. A car in Charlottesville, Virginia, whose owner prefers


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