The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion



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A NOTE ON INNATENESS

It  used  to  be  risky  for  a  scientist  to  assert  that  anything  about

human  behavior  was  innate.  To  back  up  such  claims,  you  had  to

show that the trait was hardwired, unchangeable by experience, and

found in all cultures. With that de nition, not much is innate, aside

from a few infant re exes such as that cute thing they do when you

put one  nger into their little hands. If you proposed that anything

more complex than that was innate—particularly a sex di erence—

you’d be told that there was a tribe somewhere on Earth that didn’t

show the trait, so therefore it’s not innate.

We’ve advanced a lot since the 1970s in our understanding of the

brain,  and  now  we  know  that  traits  can  be  innate  without  being

either  hardwired  or  universal.  As  the  neuroscientist  Gary  Marcus

explains,  “Nature  bestows  upon  the  newborn  a  considerably

complex  brain,  but  one  that  is  best  seen  as  prewired— exible  and

subject to change—rather than hardwired,  xed, and immutable.”

2

To  replace  wiring  diagrams,  Marcus  suggests  a  better  analogy:



The brain is like a book, the  rst draft of which is written by the

genes during fetal development. No chapters are complete at birth,

and  some  are  just  rough  outlines  waiting  to  be  lled  in  during

childhood.  But  not  a  single  chapter—be  it  on  sexuality,  language,

food preferences, or morality—consists of blank pages on which a

society can inscribe any conceivable set of words. Marcus’s analogy

leads to the best de nition of innateness I have ever seen:

Nature  provides  a  rst  draft,  which  experience  then

revises.…  “Built-in”  does  not  mean  unmalleable;  it

means “organized in advance of experience.”

3



The list of  ve moral foundations was my  rst attempt to specify

how the righteous mind was “organized in advance of experience.”

But  Moral  Foundations  Theory  also  tries  to  explain  how  that  rst

draft  gets  revised  during  childhood  to  produce  the  diversity  of

moralities  that  we  nd  across  cultures—and  across  the  political

spectrum.




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