The passage looks to be a part of literary piece and it is written in past tense

Validity

Validity of a test means whether the test measures what it claims to measure and nothing else. If it is a reading test paper, only reading must be tested: not the general knowledge of the candidates. In the reading test paper, if some questions can be answered without reading the given texts, it cannot be considered a valid test paper.

Most of the tests are based on syllabus. Therefore, to say a test paper is valid, it should be based on the syllabus. If questions are given from areas not specified in the syllabus, it is not a valid test paper.

Further, if the test paper is based on a syllabus, it should include questions from all the areas of the syllabus. If some parts of the syllabus are ignored, the test paper is not valid.

Experienced teachers may tell you at a glance whether the test paper is valid or not. A careful comparison between the test paper and the syllabus will give you an idea of the validity of a test paper.

If it is not a valid test paper, candidates will not be motivated to perform. As a result, their true performances will not be shown.

3. 
   Reliability
   

Reliability is the consistency of test scores. If the same test is taken by the same individual twice, and if the conditions of test administration are identical and if there is no long interval between the two tests for additional learning to take place, the marks obtained by the individual must be more or less the same. If there is a big difference of the marks in the two sittings, we say the test lacks reliability.

Since it is not always possible to repeat the same test twice, there is another way of looking at reliability. If the answer script of the same candidate is marked by two examiners, it is just like the same candidate taking the test twice. The marks given by both examiners for the same answer script should also be more or less the same.

If there is no reliability in test scores, the students may not trust the results. Therefore, it is essential that testers take proper strategies to achieve reliability of a test paper.

4.