The keyboard

INDEPENDENT WORK-4
Subject of: NETWORKS
Subject: NETWORKS
PLAN
1.Networking.
2.Internet network.
3.Innovation networks.
In simplest terms, a network is something that connects different participants. In the context of the Internet, these participants have traditionally been called hosts. Initially, hosts were typically large-scale computers, on the scale of mainframes and then minicomputers. Gradually, as computing power increased, computing devices got smaller and more specialized. These days, just about anything can be a “participant” in an Internet network — everything from large computers to desktops to notebooks to mobile phones and car components.
“Connecting” participants means different things in disparate networks. For telecommunications networks, connection is providing a means to communicate between participants. Where telecommunications networks differ is in terms of their approaches to identifying participants, managing passage of information between those participants and the types of communications enabled within the network. For example, traditional telephony networks in the twentieth century used telephone numbers to identify endpoints,
country codes and within-country area codes to find the phone being called, and established connections between participating telephones in order to enable voice communication over the established channel. The rest of this section provides more detail on how the Internet generation of networks identifies participants and other details. At its inception, the Internet distinguished itself from traditional telecommunications networks by taking the approach of “connection-less” management of information passage.
Unlike the traditional telephone
network, information passage is achieved by carving up the information and putting “chunks” of data into “packets.” These packets contain all the necessary information to specify the intended destination and no information about required paths. Packets are sent independently through the network, over whatever channels work best at that instant in time.