The Invisible Constitution in Comparative Perspective



Download 4,63 Mb.
Pdf ko'rish
bet159/366
Sana18.08.2021
Hajmi4,63 Mb.
#150519
1   ...   155   156   157   158   159   160   161   162   ...   366
Bog'liq
The Invisible Constitution in Comparative Perspective by Rosalind Dixon (editor), Adrienne Stone (editor) (z-lib.org)

for Justice v. Yau Yuk Lung

45

 that where persons in ‘comparable situations’ are 



subject to differential treatment by law, the Government must justify such 

differential treatment by showing that (1) the differential treatment pursues ‘a 

legitimate aim’, in the sense that there is ‘a genuine need for such difference’; 

42 


Hysan Development v. Town Planning Board (2016) 19 HKCFAR 372, particularly paras. 73, 76, 

78, 135.


43 

See e.g., Gurung Kesh Bahadur v. Director of Immigration [2002] 2 HKLRD 775; Director of 



Immigration v. Lau Fong [2004] 2 HKLRD 204.

44 


A Solicitor v. Law Society of Hong Kong (2003) 6 HKCFAR 570.

45 


(2007) 10 HKCFAR 335.


 

The Constitutional Orders of ‘One Country, Two Systems’ 

245


(2) ‘the difference in treatment’ is ‘rationally connected to the legitimate aim’; 

and (3) ‘the difference in treatment’ is ‘no more than is necessary to accom-

plish the legitimate aim’.

In cases concerning socio-economic policies such as the right to social wel-

fare and the provision of social services, the court has developed a less rigor-

ous version of the proportionality or justification test by modifying the third 

limb of the test (‘no more than necessary to accomplish the legitimate aim’, 

which may be called the standard of ‘necessity’) to become a standard of ‘rea-

sonableness’ (or ‘manifestly without reasonable foundation’). The modified 

test was first enunciated by the CFA in Fok Chun Wa v. Hospital Authority

a case concerning differential charges for obstetric services in public hospi-

tals based on whether the woman giving birth was resident in Hong Kong.

46

 

The CFA noted that this case concerned a matter of ‘socio-economic poli-



cies’

47

 and ‘allocation of public funds’ under conditions of ‘limited financial 



resources’.

48

 Furthermore, the differential treatment that was challenged in 



this case was based on residence, rather than ‘core values relating to personal 

characteristics’

49

 and involving ‘the respect and dignity that society accords to 



a human being’, such as ‘race, colour, gender, sexual orientation, religion, 

politics, or social origin’.

50

 In this domain, the court considered it appropriate 



that a greater ‘margin of appreciation’

51

 or degree of ‘deference’



52

 be accorded 

to the government. Hence in applying the third limb of the ‘justification test’, 

the court would only strike down the differential treatment if it is ‘manifestly 

beyond the spectrum of reasonableness’ or ‘manifestly without reasonable 

foundation’.

53

 Applying this test, the court upheld the differential hospital fees 



in this case. Subsequently, this modified version of the proportionality test was 

also applied by the CFA in Kong Yunming v. Director of Social Welfare, but 

with the outcome of the impugned restriction (also based on residence) of the 

right to social welfare being struck down in that case.

54

 In Kwok Cheuk Kin v. 



Secretary for Constitutional and Mainland and Affairs, the application of the 

proportionality test was relaxed by the Court of Final Appeal on the ground 

46 

(2012) 13 HKCFAR 409.



47 

Paragraphs 61, 65 of the judgment.

48 

Ibid.


, para. 70.

49 


Ibid.

, para. 78.

50 

Ibid.


, para. 77.

51 


Ibid.

, para. 61.

52 

Ibid.


, para. 62.

53 


Ibid.

, para. 76.

54 

(2013) 16 HKCFAR 950.




246 


Download 4,63 Mb.

Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
1   ...   155   156   157   158   159   160   161   162   ...   366




Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©hozir.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling

kiriting | ro'yxatdan o'tish
    Bosh sahifa
юртда тантана
Боғда битган
Бугун юртда
Эшитганлар жилманглар
Эшитмадим деманглар
битган бодомлар
Yangiariq tumani
qitish marakazi
Raqamli texnologiyalar
ilishida muhokamadan
tasdiqqa tavsiya
tavsiya etilgan
iqtisodiyot kafedrasi
steiermarkischen landesregierung
asarlaringizni yuboring
o'zingizning asarlaringizni
Iltimos faqat
faqat o'zingizning
steierm rkischen
landesregierung fachabteilung
rkischen landesregierung
hamshira loyihasi
loyihasi mavsum
faolyatining oqibatlari
asosiy adabiyotlar
fakulteti ahborot
ahborot havfsizligi
havfsizligi kafedrasi
fanidan bo’yicha
fakulteti iqtisodiyot
boshqaruv fakulteti
chiqarishda boshqaruv
ishlab chiqarishda
iqtisodiyot fakultet
multiservis tarmoqlari
fanidan asosiy
Uzbek fanidan
mavzulari potok
asosidagi multiservis
'aliyyil a'ziym
billahil 'aliyyil
illaa billahil
quvvata illaa
falah' deganida
Kompyuter savodxonligi
bo’yicha mustaqil
'alal falah'
Hayya 'alal
'alas soloh
Hayya 'alas
mavsum boyicha


yuklab olish