li,
I reached the country of Balūra (in the domain of
North India).
The country of Balūra is more than four thousand
li
in circuit. Situated
among the Great Snow Mountains, it is long from east to west and narrow
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
from south to north. It yields much wheat and pulse and produces gold and
silver. Having the advantage of gold resources the country has ample means
for state expenditures. The climate is bitterly cold and the people are rude
by nature, lacking in kindness and righteousness and knowing nothing of
politeness. Their features are ugly and they wear coarse woolen garments.
Their writing is roughly the same as that of India but their spoken language
diverges from those of other countries. There are several hundred monasteries
with several thousand monks, who do not study the theories of any one
specific school, and they are mostly defective in observing the Vinaya rules.
From here I went back to Uḍakhand and crossed the Indus River to the
south. Flowing southwest, the river is three or four
li
wide, with pure and
limpid rapidly moving water. Poisonous dragons and evil animals make their
dens in the river and often overturn the boats of those who are transporting
precious objects, seeds of rare flowers and fruit, or the Buddha’s relic bones
across the river.
After crossing the river, I reached the country of Takṣaśilā (in the domain of
North India). The country of Takṣaśilā is more than two thousand
li
in circuit
and its capital city is over ten
li
in circuit. As the royal family is extinct, the
regional chieftains have competed with each other for sovereignty. Formerly
it belonged to the country of Kāpiśī but recently it became a dependency of
the country of Kaśmīra. The soil is fertile and the crops are rich, with many
springs and luxuriant vegetation. The climate is mild and the people are reck-
less and brave by custom and they venerate the Triple Gem. There are many
monasteries but most of them are in desolation. There are a few monks, all
of whom study Mahayana teachings.
More than seventy
li
to the northwest of the capital city is the pond of the
dragon king Elāpattra, which is about one hundred paces in circuit. The water
is lucid and has lotus flowers of different colors growing in it. This dragon
was a monk who injured an
elāpattra
tree in the time of Kāśyapa Buddha.
Therefore, when the people of this land approached the dragon to pray for
rain or fine weather they had to invite a monk to go with them to the pond.
When the monk snapped his fingers to comfort the dragon the people’s wishes
would surely be fulfilled.
Going southeast for more than thirty
li,
I entered a spot between two
mountains where there is a stupa more than a hundred feet high built by King
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Fascicle III
Aśoka. This was the place where Śākya Tathāgata predicted that when
Maitreya appears in the world as a buddha four great treasures would naturally
come into existence. This auspicious spot is one of the four places. I heard
the local people say that during an earthquake all the mountains would shake
but for about a hundred paces around this treasure place the earth does not
quiver even a little. Some foolish people once vainly attempted to dig up the
treasure but the earth quaked and all the people toppled over onto the ground.
Beside this spot is a monastery in a very deserted condition, having had no
monks living in it for quite a long time.
Twelve or thirteen
li
to the north of the city is a stupa built by King Aśoka.
On fast days it sometimes emits a light amid [a shower of] divine flowers
and heavenly music. I heard the local people say that recently a woman suf-
fering from malignant leprosy secretly came to this stupa to make self-
reproach and repent [of evil deeds she had done in her past lives]. When she
saw that the compound was in a filthy condition she removed the dirt, swept
the place clean, smeared incense paste and scattered flowers on the ground,
and she plucked some blue lotus flowers to scatter on the road. By doing so
she was cured of her malignant disease and became beautiful in appearance,
and a sweet smell as fragrant as blue lotus issued from her body.
This was also the place where the Tathāgata, while practicing the Dharma
in a former life as a great king named Candraprabha (“Moonlight”), cut off
his head for almsgiving in the course of acquiring enlightenment. He per-
formed such almsgiving a thousand times in past lives.
Beside this stupa where the head was forsaken, there is a desolate
monastery with a few monks. Formerly Kumāralāta (known as Tongshou in
Chinese), a
śāstra
master of the Sautrāntika school, wrote treatises at this
monastery.
Outside the city to the southeast, on the northern side of South Hill, is a
stupa over a hundred feet high built by King Aśoka at the place where his
son, Prince Kuṇāla, had his eyes torn out due to the calumny of his stepmother.
Blind people prayed at this place and most of them recovered their eyesight.
Prince Kuṇāla, who had been borne by the chief queen, was a handsome
man who was well known for his kindness. After the death of the chief queen,
his stepmother, a lascivious, immoral woman, tried to force the prince to
have illicit relations with her. The prince wept and blamed himself for his
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
refusal and withdrew with an apology. Having been rejected by the prince,
the stepmother was ashamed and became angry and having waited for the
chance to speak to the king, she said coolly, “Takṣaśilā is in a strategic
position, and who else but a royal descendant can be depended on for its pro-
tection? Prince Kuṇāla is well known for his kindness and filial piety. Because
you do not employ sagacious persons the people are critical of you.” Deluded
by these words, the king was pleased with the intrigue and ordered the prince,
saying, “I succeeded to the throne handed down by our ancestors to rule over
the country and I fear losing it—our forerunners would be disappointed. As
Takṣaśilā is a strategic place I now appoint you to garrison that country. State
affairs are important and human relationships are treacherous. You must not
move about at will so as to jeopardize the foundation of the state. Whenever
there is a [written] summons from me you should verify it by my teeth marks.
As my teeth are in my mouth, no one can make a forgery.”
The prince thus went to the garrison post by the king’s order, and even
though time passed his stepmother became increasingly angry with him.
She issued a false order in the king’s name, sealed it with purple clay, and
had it marked with the king’s teeth a when he was asleep. It was then dis-
patched to the prince to reprimand him. When his assistants knelt down to
read the order they looked at each other, not knowing what to do. The prince
asked them, “What is it that makes you look so miserable?” They said, “The
great king has issued an order to reprimand Your Highness, stating that your
eyes should be torn out and that you should be exiled to the valleys among
mountains and left there to live or die with your wife. However, the order
may be fraudulent and it would be better for you to go see the king face to
face and hear his personal verdict.” The prince said, “How can I disobey my
father’s order, even if he asked me to die? There is no mistake since the order
is sealed with his teeth marks.”
The prince then asked a
caṇḍāla
(outcaste) to tear out his eyes, and having
lost his eyesight he lived thereafter as a beggar, wandering from place to
place, until he came to the capital city where the king lived. His wife told
him, “This is the royal city and we are now suffering from hunger and cold.
Formerly you were a prince but now you are a beggar! I wish to report the
matter to the king and ask him to reconsider the reprimand.” Then through
some subterfuge they slipped into the royal stable, where they wept in the
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Fascicle III
cool breeze, late into the night, and sang piteously to the accompaniment of
a
konghou
(a sort of harp).
On a lofty pavilion the king heard the melodious singing of melancholy
and sorrowful words and, feeling it strange, he asked, “The voice of the
singing accompanied by a
konghou
sounds like that of my son. Why has he
come here?” He inquired of the stableman as to who was singing in the stable.
So the man brought the blind singer into the king’s presence. Upon seeing
the prince, the king felt sorrowful and asked him, “Who disfigured you into
such a disastrous condition? If I did not even know that my beloved son had
lost his eyesight, how can I [claim to] see into the affairs of my people? Good
heavens! Oh, good heavens! How is it that my virtue has been corrupted to
such an extent?” The prince wept piteously and apologetically said in reply,
“It is because of my unfiliality that I incurred the blame of Heaven. On such-
and-such day I suddenly received your compassionate edict. I had no way
to speak to you, nor did I dare evade my responsibility [to implement your
edict].” Finding out that it had all been done illegally by his second wife, the
king inflicted capital punishment upon her without further investigation.
At that time there was at the monastery near the
bodhi
tree a great arhat
named Ghoṣa (“Wonderful Voice”), who possessed the four kinds of unhin-
dered eloquence and was complete with the three insights. The king told him
what his blind son had said and wished him to be so kind as to restore his
son’s eyesight. At the king’s request the arhat then made an announcement
on that day to the people of the country, saying, “On the day after tomorrow
I shall speak on the sublime doctrine. You may come listen to the Dharma
and each of you should bring a vessel with you to hold your tears.” Thus
men and women coming from far and near flocked to the place. At that time
the arhat spoke on the twelvefold causation. None of those who heard the
Dharma did not shed tears, and they collected the tears in the vessels. When
the preaching was over the tears of everyone in the entire assembly were
collected in a golden basin. The arhat then made a pledge, saying, ‘‘All that
I have said is the Buddha’s ultimate truth. If it is untrue and if I have spoken
wrongly, I shall have nothing more to say. Otherwise, I wish to wash the
blind man’s eyes to restore his eyesight to what it was before.” Having said
this, he used the tears to wash the eyes of the prince, whose eyesight was
thus restored.
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
The king then reproached his ministers and denounced his assistants at
court, who were all dismissed, banished, relegated, or executed, and many
powerful and wealthy families were deported to the desert to the northeast
of the Snow Mountains.
From here going to the southeast across mountains and valleys for over seven
hundred
li,
I reached the country of Siṃhapura (in the domain of North India).
The country of Siṃhapura is over three thousand five hundred or six hundred
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