19 A change of metaphor now highlights the responsible role Peter will play
in the development of this new ekklēsia. Taking up the imagery of Isa
22:20–22, Jesus declares Peter to be the steward (the chief administrative
officer) in the kingdom of heaven,³ who will hold the keys, so that, like
Eliakim, the new steward (cf. Isa 22:15) in the kingdom of David, “he will
open, and no one shall shut; he will shut and no one shall open.” The
steward is not the owner. He has both authority (over the rest of the
household) and responsibility (to his master to administer the affairs of the
house properly). The keys³⁷ are those of the storehouses, to enable him to
make appropriate provision for the household,³⁸ not those of the outer gate,
to control admission.³ The traditional portrayal of Peter as porter at the
pearly gates depends on misunderstanding “the kingdom of heaven” here as
a designation of the afterlife rather than denoting God’s rule among his
people on earth.⁴
The metaphor of “tying up” and “untying” speaks also of administrative
authority. The terms are used in rabbinic literature for declaring what is and is
not permitted.⁴¹ When the same commission is given to the whole disciple group
in 18:18 it will be specifically in the context of dealing with sin within their
community (see comments there). Such authority to declare what is and is not
permissible will of course have personal consequences for the person judged to
have sinned, but it is the prior judgment in principle which is the focus of the
“tying” metaphor, and there, as here, the objects of both verbs will be expressed
in the neuter, not the masculine; it is things, issues, which are being tied or
untied, not people as such.⁴² The historical role of Peter in Acts well illustrates
the metaphor, as it was to him that the responsibility fell of declaring that
Gentiles might be accepted as members of the new ekklēsia (10:1–11:18),
though of course the exercise of his disciplinary authority could also have dire
personal consequences for those who stepped over the mark (Acts 5:1–11; cf.
8:20–24). Peter’s personal authority remained, however, that of the first among
equals, and the extension of this commission to the rest of the disciples in 18:18
will ensure that he is kept in his place (cf. comments on the corporate extension
of the foundation metaphor in v. 18).⁴³
The heavenly “endorsement” of Peter’s decisions is expressed (both here and in
18:18, twice in each verse) in the unusual syntax of future perfect passive verbs,
“will have been tied up,” “will have been untied.” The construction is
sufficiently unusual and indeed awkward in Greek to draw attention. If Matthew
had wished to say “will be tied up,” “will be untied” (as many translations have
it), he could have used the much more natural syntax of a simple future passive
to say it.⁴⁴ It seems likely, therefore, that these repeated future perfects are there
for a reason. They change the sequence of actions. With simple futures, Peter
would take the initiative and heaven would follow. But with future perfects the
impression is that when Peter makes his decision it will be found to have been
already made in heaven, making him not the initiator of new directions for the
church, but the faithful steward of God’s prior decisions. In this syntactical form
the saying becomes a promise not of divine endorsement, but of divine guidance
to enable Peter to decide in accordance with God’s already determined purpose.⁴⁵
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