The essence and content of the term philosophy

Logical forms and laws of thinking (laws of logic). Mantiqiy shakllar va fikrlash qonunlari, shuningdek, mantiq qonunlari deb ham ataladi, ratsional fikrlash va argumentatsiya asosida yotgan fikrlashning asosiy tamoyillari va naqshlariga ishora qiladi. Mantiqiy shakllar mantiqning tuzilmalari va naqshlari bo'lib, ular bizga asosli dalillarni keltirish va dalillar va mulohazalarga asoslanib to'g'ri xulosalar chiqarish imkonini beradi. Bu shakllar sillogizmlarni, deduktiv va induktiv fikrlashni va mantiqiy munosabatlarni ifodalash uchun ramziy belgilarni qo'llashni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin. Tafakkur qonunlari esa fikrlash va mulohaza yuritish jarayonini boshqaradigan asosiy tamoyillar bo'lib, ular orasida qarama-qarshilik qonuni, istisno qilingan o'rta qonuni va o'ziga xoslik qonuni va boshqalar kiradi. Birgalikda fikrlashning mantiqiy shakllari va qonunlari argumentlar va dalillarni tushunish va baholash uchun asos yaratadi va matematika, falsafa, informatika va boshqalar kabi sohalarda qo'llaniladi. (Logical forms and laws of thinking, also known as laws of logic, refer to the fundamental principles and patterns of reasoning that underlie rational thought and argumentation. Logical forms are the structures and patterns of logic that allow us to make valid arguments and draw accurate conclusions based on evidence and reasoning. These forms can include syllogisms, deductive and inductive reasoning, and the use of symbolic notation to represent logical relationships. The laws of thinking, on the other hand, are the fundamental principles that govern the process of reasoning and argumentation, and include the law of non-contradiction, the law of excluded middle, and the law of identity, among others. Together, logical forms and laws of thinking provide a framework for understanding and evaluating arguments and evidence, and are used in fields such as mathematics, philosophy, and computer science, among others.)

. Democratic reforms and state administration in Uzbekistan. O‘zbekistonda so‘nggi yillarda, xususan, 2016-yilda uzoq yillik avtokratik rahbar Islom Karimov vafotidan keyin hokimiyatga kelgan Prezident Shavkat Mirziyoyev rahbarligida qator demokratik islohotlar amalga oshirildi. Bu islohotlar iqtisodiy rivojlanish, siyosiy ishtirok va inson huquqlari kabi sohalarga qaratildi. Masalan, xorij sarmoyasini jalb etish, tadbirkorlik uchun qulay muhit yaratish borasidagi sa’y-harakatlar amalga oshirildi, fuqarolik jamiyati va ommaviy axborot vositalari faoliyatiga qo‘yilgan cheklovlar yengillashtirildi. Bundan tashqari, hukumat hokimiyatni markazsizlashtirish va mahalliy davlat hokimiyati organlarining vakolatlarini kengaytirish bo'yicha choralar ko'rdi va sog'liqni saqlash va ta'lim kabi davlat xizmatlarining umumiy sifatini yaxshilashga harakat qildi. Bu islohotlarga qaramay, Oʻzbekistonning siyosiy va ijtimoiy tizimlaridagi oʻzgarishlarning surʼati va koʻlami haqida baʼzi xavotirlar saqlanib qolmoqda. Tanqidchilar, shuningdek, ommaviy axborot vositalari va fuqarolik jamiyatiga nisbatan cheklovlar davom etayotgani, siyosiy dissidentlar va diniy ozchiliklarga nisbatan munosabatdan xavotir bildirgan. Umuman olganda, O‘zbekistonda demokratik islohotlarni amalga oshirish davom etayotgan ish bo‘lib qolmoqda va bundan keyin ham mamlakat siyosiy va ijtimoiy rivojlanishida muhim masala bo‘lib qolaveradi. (Uzbekistan has implemented a number of democratic reforms in recent years, particularly under the leadership of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, who came to power in 2016 after the death of longtime autocratic leader Islam Karimov. These reforms have focused on areas such as economic development, political participation, and human rights. For example, efforts have been made to attract foreign investment and create a more business-friendly environment, and restrictions on civil society and the media have been eased. Additionally, the government has taken steps to decentralize power and empower local government bodies, and has made efforts to improve the overall quality of public services such as healthcare and education. Despite these reforms, some concerns remain about the pace and scope of change in Uzbekistan's political and social systems. Critics have also expressed concern about continued restrictions on the media and civil society, and the treatment of political dissidents and religious minorities. Overall, the implementation of democratic reforms in Uzbekistan remains a work in progress, and will likely continue to be an important issue in the country's political and social development.)