126
CARDOZO LAW REVIEW
[Vol.
19:1
market rates are lO%-he is likely to impose a dividend policy on
shareholders of the parent company that merely follows some his-
torical or industry-wide payout pattern. Furthermore, he will ex-
pect managers of subsidiaries to give him a full account as to why it
makes sense for earnings to be retained in their operations rather
than distributed to the parent-owner. But seldom will he supply
his
owners with a similar analysis pertaining to the whole company.
In judging whether managers should retain earnings, share-
holders should not simply compare total incremental earnings in
recent years to total incremental capital because that relationship
may be distorted by what is going on in a core business. During an
inflationary period, companies with a core business characterized
by extraordinary economics can use small amounts of incremental
capital in that business at very high rates of return (as was dis-
cussed in last year's section on Goodwill).32 But, unless they are
experiencing tremendous unit growth, outstanding businesses by
definition generate large amounts of excess cash.
If
a company
sinks most of this money in other businesses that earn low returns,
the company's overall return on retained capital may nevertheless
appear excellent because of the extraordinary returns being earned
by the portion of earnings incremental invested in the core busi-
ness. The situation is analogous to a Pro-Am golf event: even if all
of the amateurs are hopeless duffers, the team's best-ball score will
be respectable because of the dominating skills of the professional.
Many corporations that consistently show good returns both
on equity and on overall incremental capital have, indeed, em-
ployed a large portion of their retained earnings on an economi-
cally unattractive, even disastrous, basis. Their marvelous core
businesses, however, whose earnings grow year after year, camou-
flage repeated failures in capital allocation elsewhere (usually in-
volving high-priced acquisition of businesses that have inherently
mediocre economics). The managers at fault periodically report on
the lesson they have learned from the latest disappointment. They
then usually seek out future lessons. (Failure seems to go to their
heads.)
In such cases, shareholders would be far better off if earnings
were retained only to expand the high-return business, with the
balance paid in dividends or used to repurchase stock (an action
that increases the owners' interest in the exceptional business while
sparing them participation in subpar businesses). Managers of
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