The English Sentimentalist writers of the eighteenth century were attempting to write
from a perspective that, before their era, had been unheard of within literature: the middle class.
Writers of the earlier centuries tended to come from inner political circles, and their works
reflected this point of view. Sentimentalism saw a shift towards authors who stood outside this
political elite and though they, like their predecessors, wished to improve society, they
commonly felt that the large accomplishments possible for the members of the inner circle were
impossible for them. There is a strong sense of isolation and victimization within these works,
since the writers felt much of what they were doing was in vain. Still, they wrote about their
personal experiences, their past, and their opinions and although they rigorously warned the
reader of their humble position, they frequently wrote in a dramatic style. In this way, their
writings, which have familiar plots and themes for the middle class reader, become distant due to
the style. This discrepancy begs the question of why: why would the Sentimentalists wish to
create such a gap between content and form?
Sentimentalists chose to write in a lofty style instead of in an easily accessible style that
would connect readers to the work. Looking at works by Thomas Gray, William Collins, and
Samuel Johnson, this paper will examine how the Sentimentalists created this gap in their
writings, why they did it, and what that effect has on the aware reader.
Sentimentalist writers employed numerous tools to attain the grand style they achieved,
while still keeping the subject of the work humble. In Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard,” the speaker is walking through a country cemetery, thinking about the universality
of death and how poverty suppresses potential in people. His musings are that of a social
activist, who wishes for change but sees it as a vain cause. Although the speaker is obviously
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different from the country folk, he is seeing them not as lesser beings whose “useful toil” should
be “mock[ed],” but as equals who simply had less opportunities (29).
But, this incredibly humanitarian approach is swathed in heavy, elaborate language, full
of extended sentences, personifications, and allusions that distant the reader from the fairly
relatable subject. Even though there are no grand characters or fantastical settings, Gray still
uses sentences that contain multiple clauses. Each stanza in the poem has four lines and in most
of the stanzas, one sentence makes up the entire stanza or more. For example, line 5 begins a
sentence that ends over a stanza later, on line 12. In that particular case, the sentence is
symmetrical, with the line “Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight,” paralleling “Save
that from yonder ivy-mantled tower,” which begins the next stanza and helps the sentence flow
(7, 9). Personifications also add to the lofty language of Sentimentalist poetry and helps distance
the reader from the poem by making the speaker passive. When using personification, the reader
is unable to connect to the speaker personally and is instead confronted with an unfamiliar, often
times not relatable image that is then given human characteristics. This is seen in line 38 of
Gray’s poem where the speaker says, “If Memory o'er their tomb no trophies raise,” with
memory acting as the raiser of trophies instead of an actual person (38).
Allusions are seen as markers of lofty style. William Collins’ “Ode on the Poetical
Character” is based upon the idea of the allusion and is often times confusing because of it.
Along with having long sentence structure and numerous instances of personification (“Hope's
aspiring tongue”) Collins’ poem alludes to Spenser’s
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