5. Concluding remarks
This report documents the evidence on some of the
main dimensions of the economic costs of ill health (or
the economic benefits of good health) that are relevant
to the WHO European Region. We presented three
different concepts of economic costs, each policy
relevant in its own way. We started from the broadest
and – in the view of most economists – most relevant
perspective, the idea that the value of improved health
(and thus the cost of ill health) is represented by the
value that people individually attribute to it. Although
difficult to measure in practice and not infinite, it is
clearly very high. This broad or “true” economic cost
concept explicitly acknowledges the intrinsic value of
health, a feature not shared by the other concepts
presented here. Consequently, it demonstrates the
falsity of what is all too often presented as a strict
dichotomy between the “health benefits” resulting from
health investment on one hand and the “economic
benefits” on the other. The difference lies chiefly in the
measurement unit, not in the (mistaken) idea that
economists would not consider the health gains by
themselves as relevant.
We then discussed two more-limited concepts of
economic costs. The first was the economic
consequences for individuals (microeconomic) and for
the economy as a whole (macroeconomic). Considerable
research shows that ill health negatively affects several
labour market outcomes at the individual level. Evidence
on the impact of health at the macroeconomic level is
by contrast more mixed, highlighting the need for
research. The second was whether improved health can
save health-care costs. We found a range of factors at
play, some partly offsetting the others: the ultimate
answer is a matter for empirical enquiry. Yet, even if
better health will yield some savings in health-care costs
(which may be optimistic) such savings will likely be
small and probably pale against the dominant cost
drivers, such as technological developments.
Given limited space, we were unable to include all the
evidence or cover other important economic cost
concepts, particularly the distinction between costs that
justify public policy interventions from an economic
perspective and those that do not – for instance, the
distinction between external and internal costs.
31
As
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |