The development of creativity in adolescents: a qualitative study of how and where creativity develops



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THESIS 
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVITY IN ADOLESCENTS:
A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF HOW AND WHERE CREATIVITY DEVELOPS 
Submitted by 
Michelle A. Morrell 
Department of English 
In partial fulfillment of the requirements 
For the Degree of Master of Arts 
Colorado State University 
Fort Collins, Colorado 
Fall 2015 
Master’s Committee: 
Advisor: Pamela Coke 
Cindy O’Donnell-Allen 
Heidi Fredericksen 


Copyright by Michelle Ann Morrell 2015 
All Rights Reserved 


ABSTRACT
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVITY IN ADOLESCENTS:
A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF HOW AND WHERE CREATIVITY DEVELOPS 
To best prepare current K-12 students for what will likely be an unfamiliar and changing 
future, teachers and educational professionals today consider “21
st
century skills” among the tools 
students will need, and chief among those skills is creativity. An understanding of how and where 
creativity happens, from the perspective of children and adolescents, could provide valuable 
information to educators who seek to prepare students for the work-force of tomorrow. This study 
seeks to answer the following questions through gaining the perspectives of a female and a male at 
the eighth grade level and their English language arts teacher: 1. What is creativity? 2. How does 
creativity happen? 3. Where does creativity happen? From the perspective of the student study 
participants whom I interviewed, creativity is an individualistic expression of one’s thoughts 
generated in an individual’s mind and then expressed in a visual or concrete media. Creativity is a 
process and a result of years of involvement, is aided by internal or external motivators as well as the 
presence of examples and feels good when it happens. Creativity does not happen if strict rules or 
constraints are imposed. For theses interviewees, creativity can happen almost anywhere, and is 
aided by quite, alone time when the creator has time to process his/her thoughts. Allowing students 
the time, space, and resources they each require to encourage their creativity process will not only 
enable creativity to happen but will make the process more accessible and familiar, developing 
creative response as a habit, not an exception.
ii 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................ ii 
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 1 
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................ 4 
DEFINING CREATIVITY .............................................................................................................. 4 
CREATIVITY'S USEFULNESS AND ACQUISITION IN CHILDREN.............................. 5 
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN- WHERE CREATIVITY FITS ............ 7 
CREATIVITY AS "A PROPERTY OF THE ACTOR".............................................................. 8 
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................ 11 
CONTEXT ......................................................................................................................................... 11 
STUDY PARTICIPANTS ............................................................................................................... 12 
DOCUMENTS .................................................................................................................................. 13 
PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................................... 14 
ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................................... 16 
DATA ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................................... 18 
PERSONAL PURSUITS AS INFLUENCE ON PERCEPTION ........................................... 18 
MOTIVATION AS INTERNALLY OR EXTERNALLY INSPIRED ................................. 19 
HOMEWORK AND RULES KILL CREATIVITY .................................................................. 20 
CREATIVITY: HOW AND WHERE .......................................................................................... 21 
CREATIVITY IN THE CLASSROOM ........................................................................................ 22 
REPRESETNING A CONCEPT VERSUS DEMONSTRATING AN OUTPUT ............ 24 
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................... 29 
WHAT IS CREATIVITY? ............................................................................................................... 29 
HOW DOES CREATIVITY HAPPEN? ..................................................................................... 31 
WHERE DOES CREATIVITY HAPPEN? ................................................................................ 32 
IMAGES SPEAK OF POSSIBILITY AND PREFERENCE .................................................. 33 
RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................ 34 
IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY .................................................................................. 34 
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................................... 36 
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................ 38 
APPENDIX A: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ............................................................................. 38 
APPENDIX B: WRITTEN INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CREATIVE IMAGES 
COLLECTION .................................................................................................................................. 40 
APPENDIX C: CREATIVE IMAGES COLLECTIONS ......................................................... 41
iii 



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