The dams that changed australia

Questions 1-5

Reading Passage 1 contains five sections.


Choose the correct heading for Sections One to Five from the fist of headings below. Write the correct number, i−x, in boxes 1−5 on your answer sheet.

List of He dings
i	Using sign l ngu ge on the Snowy Mount ins
ii	The workers nd their f milies
iii	Development of inl nd Austr li
iv	The cost of the Snowy Mount ins Scheme
v	The unique n ture of the scheme
vi	Housing the Snowy Mount ins' workforce
vii	Why the Snowy Mount ins Scheme beg n
viii	Le rning new w ys to communic te
ix	Recruiting people for the Snowy Mount ins Scheme
x	Soci l problems of the workers

1	Section One
2	Section Two
3	Section Three
4	Section Four
5	Section Five

Questions 6-1O

Complete the table below.


Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6−10 on your answer sheet.

Year	Event
1788	White settlement begins
1840	Aw reness th t the 6 could not be developed without irrig tion
1901	Feder tion
1947	Dispute between the st tes on the rivers' future, resulting in 7 Premiers' Conference
8	Snowy Mount ins Scheme begins Recruitment of 9 people from bro d
1954	Work on Gutheg Power St tion begins
10	Tumut III Power St tion completed

Questions 11-13

Complete the sentences..


Choose NO MORE: THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11−13 on your answer sheet.
Communic ting using ₁₁ w s necess ry for the l bourers bec use of the
conditions.
The workers reminisced bout the ₁₂ endured in the e rly d ys t their reunion.
The Snowy Mount ins Scheme w s considered n ₁₃ which ltered Austr li n society there fter.

Re6ding P6ss6ge 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1A−26, which are based on Reading Passage Two.

POWER FROM THE EARTH

A

Geotherm l power refers to the gener tion of electric l power by m king use of he t sources found well below the e rth's surf ce.

As is well−known, if hole were to be drilled deep into the e rth, extremely hot, molten rock would soon be encountered. At depths of 30 to 50 km, temper tures exceeding 1000 degrees Celsius prev il. Obviously, ccessing such temper tures would provide wonderful source for geotherm l power. The problem is, such depths re too difficult to ccess: drilling down some 30 or more kilometres is simply too costly with tod y's technology.

B

Fortun tely, sufficiently hot temper tures re v il ble t consider bly sh llower depths. In cert in re s, where the e rth's surf ce h s been ltered over time—through, for ex mple volc nic ctivity−temper tures exceeding 300 degrees Celsius c n be found t depths of mere 1 to 3 km, which c n be fe sibly ccessed. These p rticul r re s re potenti lly ide l for the gener tion of electricity through geotherm l me ns.

C

It is possible to expl in geotherm l power gener tion s ste m power system th t utilizes the e rth itself s boiler. When w ter is sent down to the depths of 1 to 3 km, it returns to the surf ce s ste m nd is c p ble of gener ting electricity. Electricity gener ted in this m nner h rdly produces ny c rbon dioxide or other w ste m teri ls. If the ste m nd hot w ter re routed b ck underground, the gener tion of electricity c n be semi−perm nent in n ture.

D

Furthermore, geotherm l power c n provide st ble supply of electricity unlike other n tur l energy sources such s sol r power nd wind power, which both rely he vily on we ther conditions. Accordingly, the gener tion of electricity through geotherm l power is four to five times more efficient th n through sol r power.
As for wind power, geotherm l power is some two times more cost effective. Only the gener tion of hydroelectric power comes close— the cost of power production from e ch is
bout the s me.

E

Although geotherm l power gener tion ppe rs to be most ttr ctive option, development h s been slow. The world's first successful ttempt t geotherm l power gener tion w s

ccomplished in It ly in 1904. Power gener tion in J p n first st rted in 1925 t Beppu City. Since th t time, countries s diverse s Icel nd nd New Ze l nd h ve joined the list of n tions m king use of this v lu ble source of energy. In the ye r 2000, Beppu City hosted the World Geotherm l Congress, whose go l w s to promote the doption of geotherm l energy production throughout the world.

F

The intern tion l geotherm l community t the World Geotherm l Congress 2000 c lled upon the governments of n tions to m ke strong commitments to the development of their indigenous geo−therm l resources for the benefit of their own people, hum nity nd the environment. However, sever l f ctors re still hindering the development of geotherm l power gener tion. Firstly, it h s low density of energy which m kes it unsuit ble for l rge−sc le production in which, for ex mple, over 1,000,000 kilow tts need to be produced. Secondly, the cost is still high when comp red to tod y's most common sources of energy production: fossil fuels nd tomic energy.

G

A further consider tion is the mount of risk involved in successfully setting up new geotherm l power production f cility. The drill−ing th t must extend 2,000 to 3,000 m below the surf ce must be ccur te to within m tter of just few metres one side or the other of the t rgeted loc tion. To chieve this, extensive surveys, drilling expertise nd time re needed. It is not uncommon for project to encomp ss ten ye rs from its pl nning st ge to the st rt of oper tions. The extent of the risks involved is cle r.

H

Although it h s long been considered resource−poor n tion, J p n, which is thought to h ve

bout 10% of the world's geotherm l resources, m y well h ve consider ble dv nt ges for t pping into geotherm l power. It does h ve one of the longest serving power st tions using geotherm l energy. The st tion, built in 1966, pointed the w y to the future when the country
w s ffected by the two glob l oil shocks in the 1970s. Now there re some 17 pl nts in oper tion throughout the country which re responsible for tot l output of over 530,000 kilow tts. This figure, though impressive, ccounts for mere 0.4% of J p n's tot l gener tion of electricity.

I

Cle rly then, further progress needs to be m de in the development of geotherm l energy. As long s costs rem in high in comp rison to other sources of energy, geotherm l power wilt struggle to m tch the efficiency of existing power sources. Further rese rch nd inno−v tion in the field, s well s government support nd sense of urgency, re needed to help propel geotherm l energy tow rds its promising future.