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SYNTACTICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS
Let’s agree to accept standart English as a literary standart. In syntax, most regular and current is the common two-member s-ce, containg subject and predicate, and some second elemements as well. The order of w-ds is fixed. The function of the s-ce is consistant with its structure. A declarative s-ce expresses a statement, not a question. Nothing is missing or redundant.
Any kind of deviation from regular standart synt. str-re, aimed at producing a stylistic effect, is a syntactical expressive means. All styl-ly relevant synt. means may be classified into (Кузнецов, Скребнев):
1. The SEM based on the absence of logically necessary elements: ellipses, one-member s-ces, aposiopesis, apokoinou. This group is based on the principle (Мартине) of economy of synt.means (the law of the least effort).
2. The SEM based on the presense of extra elements: repetition, polysyndeton, synt.totology, paranthesis.
These 2 groups are singled out from the view point of qualitative char-cs of the synt.str-re
3. The SEM based on the unusual arrangement of synt.elements: inversion. This group is singled out with regard to the distr-re of the elements.
4. The SEM based on the interplay of the appointing s-ces and phrases: parallel constructions, chiasmus
5. The SEM based on the pecularities of connections/connectives: detachment, parcellation, coordination instead of subordination, gap-s-ce link
6.Synt.str-res with some change in their semantic function (shifts in the semantic m-ng): rhetorical questions, quasi-negative, quasi-interrogative, quasi-imperative statements.
1) The SEM based on the absence of logically necessary elements:
Ellipsis is the deliborate omission of one or more elements in a s-ce (especially, primary parts) for definite stylistic purposes.
Ex. The ride did Ma good. Rested her.
Ellipsis is a common feature of the oral part of speech. It’s a norm for colloquial style
Ex. Glad to see you!
It’s also used in encyclopedic and reference books, in newspapre announcements, telegr.messages, telexes, etc. (“In Chancery”). They are widely used in military commands. In lit-re it’s used in speech char-n, reflecting the natural str-re of life speech (“Understand?”).
E. is a frequent device in represented speech. Functions:
- creates bravity, laconism, dynamism
- It gives prominence and emotional tension to the narration,
- creates a quick tempo,
- creates a sense of immidiacy and local colour
- conveys the mood of the ch-re or narrator
One-member s-ces are s-ces with one synt. centre, expressed by the substantive.
Noun-s-ces possess great expressive potential; because noun, used as a principle part, unites the image of an object and the idea of its real existance. They may be used to present the background of the action. They often open the narration, introducing the reader into the situation.
OMS may be used in static description in exposition (Sunrise.) They may often create a cinematographical effect, where general panorama is followed by blow ups (Ночь. Улица. Фонарь…). Chains of noun-s-ces are often resorted to convey a rapid succession of phenomena to create an impression of movement (Me.). OMS may be used to create represented speech. Sometimes they are a kind of a bridge b/w the author’s narration and the char-er’s thought (“Bliss” by J.Mansfield). OMS are widely used in stage directions, especially in opening remarks serving the same purpose as expositions of novels or stories.
The functions of noun-s-ces:
- their laconic ch-re helps to focus the reader’s attention on what is important
- they help see things, stir our imagination, call visual pictures
- may create application, convey additional m-ng
- highten the emotional tension and reveal the narrator’s attitudeto what’s said
Aposiopesis (breaking-the-narrative, stop short s-ce, pull-up s-ce) is a breaking off in speech, leaving the s-ce unfinished, incomplete, both logically and stylistically.
Ex. You’re going – or else.; It depends, you know.
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