The Concept of Non-Contractual Obligations


parts of the legal system (including public law)



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parts of the legal system (including public law). 
130
Cf 
M Graziadei
, Liability for fault in Italian law. The development of legal doctrine from 1865 to 
the end of the twentieth century, in: N Jansen (ed), The Development and Making of Legal Doctrine 
(2010) 126, 150: „… the essential point here is … the distinction between claims for the loss of a 
bargain, which are successful only under a contract, and claims to recover damages for harm done to an 
interest which is independent of the existence of a valid contract …‟.
 
131
See Art 2:301 (2) (negotiations contrary to good faith), Art 2:302 (breach of confidentiality), 
Art 3:204 (2) (agent acting without or outside its authority), Art 4:106 (liability for incorrect 
information in the course of negotiations), Art 4:117 (damages instead of, or in addition to
avoidance of a contract in case of mistake), Art 15:105 (damages in case of illegal contracts) PECL; 
see also Comment F to Art 2:301. The drafters of the PECL have justified the inclusion of such rules 
on the basis of functional considerations: all these rules relate to specifically contractual behaviour; 
see PECL, Introduction, xxv. The UNIDROIT Principles have chosen the same approach, eg, in their 
Arts 2.15 (II), 2.16, and 3.18. 
132
Jansen
(fn 10) 536 f, with further references on the discussion; see also 
R Zimmermann

Principles of European Contract Law and Principles of European Tort Law: Comparison and Points 
of Contact, in: H Koziol/BC Steininger (eds), European Tort Law 2003 (2004) 2, 13 f. 
133
Cf such an approach 
P Cane
, Fault and Strict Liability for Harm in Tort Law, in: 
W Swadling/G Jones (eds), The Search for Principle. Essays in Honour of Lord Goff of Chieveley 
(1999) 171, 173: „The definition of … property rights is to be found partly in property law and partly in 
tort law‟. 
134
Thus, it is too vague to describe this liability as being determined by the „proximity between the 
actor and the endangered interest‟, or by „the fact that the actor is aware of the fact that he will cause 
damage‟ (Art 2:102 (4) PETL). Contract law policy is more specific and should be included in the 
discussion of such cases. 


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