The Co-operative principle and Implicature Done by Ihtiyorjon (이튼)

Scalar implicature

• Greater detail of a particular sort of implicatures, expressing quantity and terms are listed from the highest to the lowest value.
• The words none, some, and all form an implicational scale, in which the use of one form implicates that the use of a stronger form is not possible.
• Example:

I ate some of the cake => this sentence implies “I did not eat all of the cake”

In the utterance some of the boys went to the party, the word some implicates "not all of the boys went to the party."

Particularized conversational implicature

• Special knowledge is required in special context in which speaker and hearer understand only.
• In another word, a particularized implicature is a conversational implicature that is derivable only in a specific context.

Example

Vernon: Do you like Monica?

Bill: She’s the cream in my coffee.

+> Bill’s implicated message: yes, more than you know

• Bill must be speaking metaphorically, and there must be a reason for doing so. A simple “yes” apparently wasn’t enough. He’s trying to tell Vernon that ordinary words can’t express what he feels for Monica, so he’s using a metaphor to indicate that his feelings are at another level.

Generalized vs particularized implicatures

Particularized implicatures	Generalized implicatures
A particularized Conversational implicature is one which depends on particular features of the context.	A generalized conversational implicature is one which does not depend on particular features of the context, but is instead typically associated with the proposition expressed.

Conventional implicature

• not based on the cooperative principle or the maxims.
• not have to occur in conversation
• not depend on special contexts for their interpretation.
• associated with specific words and result in additional conveyed meanings when those words are used.

Example

• “but”: “A but B” will be based on the relationship between A and B and an implicature of contrast between the information in A and B.
• Example:

Joe is crying but happy

=>”Joe is crying” is contrast to

“he is happy”

Example

• “even”: implicature of contrast of “contrary to expectation”
• Example:

David even helped the old woman to go home.

=>David is not expected to help the old woman but he did.

Example

• “yet”: the present situation is expected to be different, perhaps the opposite, at a later time.
• Example:

Mum has not gone home yet.

=>negation of this sentence is “Mum went home”. So “mum went home” is expected to be true later.

Q/A

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