3. The blockchain technology and the financial sector
In the previous chapter the thesis has explained the core concepts of the blockchain technology and its most
ambitious applications so far. However, the aim of this thesis is to give an insight on how this new and dis-
ruptive technology will revolutionize and reshape the financial sector. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter
is to introduce possible applications of the technology in the banking world. Since the blockchain technology
has only recently gained attention, the amount of research on the effects of the blockchain technology in the
financial sector is limited. For this reason, many of the conclusions in this chapter are made in this thesis.
3.1 The disruptive changes in the future financial sector
The financial sector, and particularly the banking sector, is regarded as a strictly regulated and conservative
branch and its revenue model
has been unchangeable for a long time. Nevertheless, new and advanced tech-
nology will shape the banking sector heavily in the next ten years (PWC, 2014). In order to adapt to these
changes, financial institutions need to become less reluctant to these new technologies that transform ways
of doing business.
There are conflicting opinions on how the blockchain technology will affect the financial sector. The most
extreme hypothesis is that the blockchain technology makes banks unnecessary. It is undeniably an extreme
claim that the whole banking sector would disappear because of the technology. Therefore, this thesis argues
that the financial institutions are more likely to take advantage of the blockchain technology than to become
obsolete because of it. However, some old ways of doing business may become obsolete or reshaped. Cryan
(2016) for instance claims that cash will not exist in ten years. It is likely that many services that banks offer
are disappearing, but new services are being invented at the same time. As Murray (2016) has stated, the
blockchain will for sure kill some of the jobs in the financial sector, but it will simultaneously create new ones.
As this thesis acknowledges, the blockchain technology has great opportunities to reshape entire industries,
especially those that rely on trust. Consequently, the financial sector can benefit from the new technology
since it is an industry that depends highly on trust. Nevertheless, the blockchain technology meets resistance
from people who are reluctant to change as well as technological advancements (The Economist, 2015).
However, due to the decrease in confidence and transparency in the financial system, a technology that
functions as a trust machine cannot only be a bad thing (The Economist, 2016b).
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The blockchain technology can thus create faith in the financial system. This is an important aspect especially
from the perspective of financial institutions. When people trust in the financial markets, financial institutions
can more efficiently concentrate on their main assignments, such as transferring resources from lenders to
borrowers. However, if they expect that a bank will fail, it can cause bank runs and one bank’s failure can
transmit to another, which leads to chaos in the financial system (Diamond & Dybvig, 1983).
Except that the technology functions as a trust machine, the financial sector can benefit from the blockchain
technology in other ways as well. Thanks to the digitalization trends and the development of computing,
financial institutions have been able to reshape their inner workings and digitalize most of their products and
services (The Economist, 2015). Nevertheless, the organizations of the banks are still lagging behind the dig-
italization and are mostly centralized. Payment systems and the double-entry book-keeping between banks
are both centralized systems even though the blockchain technology could achieve a higher degree of syn-
chronization in these specific areas. For instance, payment transactions are often required to go through a
trusted intermediary. (The Economist, 2015) A deeper synchronization improves efficiency, reduces risks and
cuts down on expenses, which will soon be indicated.
Additionally, a throughout implementation of the blockchain technology in the financial sector demands co-
operation between all actors involved. This is a challenge in the highly competitive world of finance. (The
Economist, 2015) Thus, it is without no doubt that the competitive nature of the financial institutions will
transform remarkably there where blockchains are put into practice. The thesis explains further in chapter
3.3 how exactly the competition between the actors is going to change by using the Distributed Ledger Group
as an example.
The blockchain technology has tremendous potential to disrupt the current financial system, but in order to
do so, the technology needs to be developed and backed up by financial institutions to avoid becoming only
a fad as bitcoin threatens to remain (Stafford, 2015). Stafford (2015) argues that a relevant application of the
blockchain technology has to be delivered to the financial sector in 18 months or the hype about blockchains
will fade.
3.2 The benefits of the adaption of the technology
It is no wonder that the banking world is excited about this relatively new technology, since it has the ability
to enhance efficiency and cut down on expenses. The blockchain technology is from an economic perspective
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all about minimizing waste and increasing assets in companies. The Spanish banking concern Santander has
even claimed that by the year 2022, the blockchain technology can save up to
$
20 billion a year in the banking
industry (The Economist, 2015). Even so, the excitement of the blockchain technology is a bit ironic, because
it was the failures of the financial sector that inspired Nakamoto to invent an optional currency in the first
place (The Economics, 2015).
Nakamoto (2008) argues that the traditional banking system limits the access of information to only those
involved and the intermediary, thereby achieving its privacy level. The traditional system plays thus a great
part in securing all parties and holding on to information. The intermediary increases the transaction costs,
which on the other hand limits the smallest possible size of a transaction and makes casual transactions less
attractive (Nakamoto, 2008). The possibility to transfer transactions in blockchains without a trusted inter-
mediary reduces the transaction costs and thereby does not limit the smallest possible transaction sizes.
Financial institutions should implement the blockchain technology to automate international payments and
securities trading to begin with. In the banking system of today international payments can take up to several
days to reach their destinations and furthermore, they can be costly procedures. With the help of blockchains,
these kinds of payments can be transferred instantly or in a few minutes with minimized transaction costs
(Pilkington, 2015). However, these payments cannot be anonymous like in bitcoin transactions, since they
have to be traceable. Thus another type of a blockchain is required to be used in similar transactions to
increase transparency.
As already mentioned in the previous chapter, also a blockchain-based securities market could be more effi-
cient when securities are traded without unnecessary intermediaries. Then less capital is bound in transac-
tions and thereby the amount of risk is reduced (The Economist, 2016a). The current trade-and-settlement
process is in fact rather dated as well. It is a complicated procedure, where the money changes owners faster
than the ownerships of the securities do. In blockchains, securities can be traded every hour of the day and
securities change owners instantly, which improves the trade-and-settlement process. Malinova and Park
(2016) claim that blockchain-based trading should be seen as an enhancement, which increases the efficiency
and reduces costs of the trade-and-settlement process.
Another area where the blockchain technology is applicable is the double-entry book-keeping between fi-
nancial firms. Instead of having own records of assets, the banks would have a decentralized database, which
would increase the synchronization between all involved (The Economist, 2016a). As a result, banks do not
need to monitor their assets separately in different databases, as they do today, but everything would be
recorded in one. A blockchain-based shared database does not tie up as much capital as internal ledgers do,
since coordinating the banks’ internal ledgers can take up to several days and therefore reduces risks. (The
Economist, 2016a) In a decentralized database information is up to date, which improves efficiency when
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capital is no longer unnecessarily tied up and can be utilized more efficiently. However, it is certainly not a
problem free solution. If there would be a shared ledger, who would have the right to observe and update
the ledger and how would the banks ensure that the information in the ledger is correct (Brown, 2015)?
These are questions that need to be answered before a shared ledger can be implemented.
As previously stated, smart contracts can be applied in various types of contracts. Many of today’s contracts
made e.g. between a financial institution and a customer can be updated to private contracts between those
involved (The Economist, 2015). For instance, a loan agreement can be put in to and confirmed in a block-
chain. When certain conditions are fulfilled, the customer receives the loan and neither party can violate the
agreements made in the contract. Smart contracts can be applied to automatic transactions as well (Pinna &
Ruttenberg, 2016). Assets can be transferred from one account to another and coupon payments as well as
dividends can be payed automatically (Pinna & Ruttenberg, 2016). Pinna and Ruttenberg (2016) state that
the smart contracts can especially disrupt the post-trade market, since they could replace several functions
that are at present time maintained by necessary post-trade institutions.
Simultaneously as the smart contracts enhance all sorts of processes they also reduce costs, since an inter-
mediary is not required to verify the contracts separately. This enables e.g. transferring instantly and auto-
matically loans if the terms are fulfilled without any arrangement fees or transaction costs. This may poten-
tially increase the competitiveness of financial institutions that offer these sorts of contracts.
In addition to reducing risks and expenditures, the blockchains also minimize errors along with fraud (The
Economist, 2015). In the traditional payment system, a small but certain amount of fraud is accepted since it
is regarded as unmanageable (Nakamoto, 2008). In blockchains, fraud is not accepted at all and therefore it
could enable a more trusted and secure system than the traditional banking system of today is.
Be that as it may, in the world of today criminals have also begun to conduct in a much different way than
before. Hackers have replaced bank robbers and commit nowadays crimes by using new technology from all
around the world without physical interactions (Bryans, 2014). As a result, money-laundering has become
more difficult to recognize by bankers when most of today’s money is circulating online. Money-laundering
is the process where illegally gained money is made to look purified (Bryans, 2014). As a result, regulation
has tightened in the banking world. These regulations include anti-money-laundering and knowing your cus-
tomers, which means that it is even more important to know how customers behave. The blockchain tech-
nology allows to obey to these regulations, since every transaction from the inception of the blockchain is
resistant to tampering and public to all, which increases transparency (The Economist, 2016a). Due to stricter
regulations, private blockchains have recently gained attention as well by the banking world (The Economist,
2015).
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There is a distinction to be made between public and private blockchains. They should be seen as two differ-
ent types of blockchains that serve to solve different problems (Pilkington, 2015). The main difference be-
tween these two is the access permission to the information in the blockchains (Buterin, 2015). Private block-
chains control more tightly the permission to access the information and the right to alter the blockchains or
even read the records. Even though the private blockchains are more restricted than the public blockchains,
they still maintain the guarantee of reliability. (Buterin, 2015) Financial institutions are especially interested
in these private blockchains because of the possibility to store confidential information securely while con-
trolling the access to the information (The Economist, 2015). The information and terms in private block-
chains are also easier to change afterwards than in public blockchains, since someone is in control. Transac-
tions and contracts of any kind are almost impossible to modify or cancel after they have been verified in
public blockchains. (Buterin, 2015)
As one can see, the blockchain technology has the potential to enable several and very different types of
applications in the financial sector and it is most likely that it will in the near future enable even more. So far
it is difficult to tell what sorts of applications will be applied eventually and to what extent. It is important to
emphasize that it is not reasonable to put everything in blockchains, because there may be some services
more suitable for the blockchain technology than others. Therefore, it is extreme to claim that the financial
institutions would disappear because of the blockchain technology. Even though it would be possible, it is
not necessary to use blockchains to everything.
3.3 The Distributed Ledger Group
The blockchain technology is a promising instrument to disrupt the whole banking sector (The Economist
2016b). This has been acknowledged by the Distributed Ledger Group, which was founded in September
2015 by a group of banks from around the world and the American start-up R3. In the beginning there were
only nine banks part of the Distributed Ledger Group, but rather fast more banks joined and currently ap-
proximately 50 financial institutions are part of the group. There are four Finnish banks involved in this Dis-
tributed Ledger Group including Danske Bank, Nordea, Osuuspankki and SEB. (R3, 2016)
The purpose of the co-operation between the start-up and the financial institutions is to enhance as well as
fasten the development and utilization of the blockchain technology to the financial sector. Together they
are trying to come up with shared standards and to form a blockchain partnership (The Economist, 2016a).
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They invest in the development of the technology, identify areas where the technology could be employed
and even define new markets that do not even exist (The Economist, 2016a).
One of the reasons why this co-operation is of great significance in order to successfully apply the blockchain
technology to the financial sector is because several of the possible applications require co-operation and
shared standards between the rival financial institutions. Shared standards are rare and a challenge in the
highly competitive world of banking, but are in fact a requirement to enable an implementation of the block-
chain technology to the banking sector (The Economist, 2015). Instead of competing and working apart from
each other they need to work and face the complications together.
Even though shared standards may seem like a problem due to commercial secrets and competition, banks
are looking mostly for applications that can be utilized mutually. It makes more sense to have one shared
payment system that every bank uses, than every bank having an own expensive system. In fact, it is possible
that a bank would not even benefit from having an own blockchain, since the benefit comes from the amount
of users. Hence the more banks are using the blockchain technology, the more the banks gain from it. At least
small and medium-sized financial institutions would seem to take advantage from this Distributed Ledger
Group, since they often have restricted resources and possibilities to invest in new technologies.
Besides the Distributed Ledger Group there are many start-ups trying to make a financial breakthrough by
using either the blockchain of bitcoin or creating new blockchains to come up with new and disruptive ways
of doing business (The Economist, 2016b). A company named Ripple has with a bunch of banks started a co-
operation to reduce the costs of international payments. NASDAQ on the other hand plans on launching a
“blockchain-based e-voting service” for companies’ shareholders in Estonia. (The Economist, 2016a)
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