104
The Arabic Influences on Early Modern Occult Philosophy
his letters more than in his other works.
65
In a letter he writes: ‘I do
not so much teach astronomy as search out the divine through morals
and allegories.’
66
In his
Commentary on Phaedrus he confesses: ‘I too have
been accustomed in my commentaries similarly to interpreting and dis-
tinguishing the spirits, using one way here, another there, as the context
requires. Between literal, moral, allegorical, and anagogical.’
67
As for the semiological mode, it looks for signs in nature and the sky
to predict or interpret occurrences and events that are outside the self,
but may incline the soul towards a specific action. This approach to
the stars and planets – considering them as signs only – is expressed
clearly in the
Enneads. Plotinus explains that the influences of the heav-
enly bodies proceed from their ‘symbolic power’. He denies that the
stars can be causes and adds: ‘we may think of the stars as letters per-
petually being inscribed on the heavens [
. . . ] all teems with symbol,
the wise man is the man who in any one thing can read another’.
68
Therefore, the stars indicate everyday experience and by discerning their
‘purposeful arrangement’ human beings can interpret the will of the
gods. Iamblichus too adopts this view and explains that astrology is the
art of interpreting signs linked to the divine.
69
These allegorical and
semiological modes are often presented as indistinct.
70
However, signs
indicate and allegories edify.
In the aetiological approach, Ficino treats the stars and planets as
causes. In his
Platonic Theology (1482) he writes that the heavenly bod-
ies generate living substances ‘by way of their own nature’ as ‘natural
causes’ (
causae naturales).
71
The causal mode is derived from the Ara-
bic sources that Ficino was familiar with; namely, Abu Ma‘shar’s
Great
Introduction, al-Kindi’s
De radiis, the
Picatrix and Avicenna’s
Metaphysics.
In the
Three Books, Ficino alludes to astral causation in a way very sim-
ilar to Abu Ma‘shar. The celestial world, Ficino explains, ‘governs and
mixes things into one’.
72
The forms exist in the celestial bodies and
he posits that from ‘celestial temperateness’ ‘composite things acquire
life’.
73
According to Abu Ma‘shar, they are responsible for the union of
matter and form to generate species and also to give individuality to
members. He also argues that the celestial world is responsible for unit-
ing body and soul, and sustaining the harmony between both. We have
seen how these ideas were incorporated in
De radiis and the
Picatrix as
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