part of the living universe implies an ability to imitate it, i.e. to inform
matter and ensoul it as we have seen advocated by al-Kindi in his De
radiis. Magic is then an imitation of generation: ‘the action wanted is a
unification, it is an impression to accept a form so that the matter and
the form become one [
. . . ] like the unification of a soul in a body. Com-
prehend this and contemplate it.’
121
This is possible due to a natural
preparedness (tahayyu’) in the operator to redirect the astral influences
needed to make a talisman pregnant with power, and also a readiness
(isti‘dad) in the materials used in the making of its body. The prepared-
ness of the operator originates in the rational soul as stressed by al-Kindi.
44
The Arabic Influences on Early Modern Occult Philosophy
This potentiality is activated by a strong will that ‘connects the powers
of the soul with the celestial forces’.
122
The ‘readiness’ of the natural
materials is twofold; it refers to the potentiality in matter to take a form
magically through the soul of the operator. It refers also to the potential-
ity of the occult properties – whose source is the celestial bodies – to be
prompted into magical action.
123
As a result, the celestial powers inserted
into the talisman ‘take the role of the spirit in the body’.
124
Therefore,
as Compagni notes, magic ‘makes concrete the likeness of Man to his
Creator’ and the universe. He too can create and generate.
125
To assess the level at which this theory is corroborated practically,
we need to look at the types of astral magic mentioned in the Ghaya.
The first type is astrological talismans. These are the images that can-
not be created without adhering to specific astrological conditions.
For example, we find a set of instructions for an astrological love
spell very similar to one found in Thabit ibn Qurra’s De imaginibus.
To bring two people together, the author recommends creating two
human images from tin, silver, gold, wax or clay, each to be named
at the hour of Jupiter, the ascendant containing the north node, the
moon in Venus, and the lord of the seventh house aspecting the lord
of the ascendant in trine or sextile. One figure should be placed against
the back of the other, wrapped in clean cloth, and then placed in the
house of the person to whom the first image belongs.
126
Sometimes
such talismans and figures will have symbols, sigils and images which,
the author informs us, correspond with the planets and astrological
configurations.
127
In the second category are non-astrological magical
concoctions and amulets that rely on the inherent occult properties
and natural sympathies or antipathies among different materials; for
example, pure emerald causes the eyes of a snake to fall out instantly.
128
The skin of large cats such as lions alleviates recurrent fever if sat on.
The excrement of elephants, if hung on a tree or a woman, causes
infertility.
129
This distinction is based on method but underlying both
types is the desire of the operator to harness astral forces, whether
the rays of an advantageous celestial configuration, stars and plan-
ets, or the occult properties that are inherently astral, in other words
given to things by the celestial bodies during generation. Some of
these magical operations are aggressive. Indeed, such practices seem
to contradict the spiritual honing emphasized above; however, aggres-
sive magical effects can still be explained in terms of natural agency
or rather by the power of the operator, as a microcosm, to create an
object resonating with astral power channelled and directed through
the will.
Arabic Theories of Astral Magic
45
Therefore, the Ghaya presents a living universe ordered according to
causal relations. The theory of the Ghaya and that of De radiis show that
if we know the causes, we can control the emergence of effects; if we
recognize the signs, through similitude we can link purpose with agent
and target; and by the rational soul we can connect with the vital force
of the world that pulsates in the stars and pours into our world.
3
Textual and Intellectual Reception
of Arabic Astral Theories in the
Twelfth Century
The twelfth century witnessed a translation movement that invigorated
medieval intellectual culture by making available Arabic scientific and
philosophical works containing a ‘new’ perspective on the workings of
nature without an overt materialism that sidelines the divine will.
1
The
earliest texts to be translated were medical and astrological,
2
thus epis-
temologically making knowable man and the heavens. The revival of
Galenic medicine was initiated by Constantine the African (d. c.1087)
who brought from Qairouan an Arabic medical corpus to be trans-
lated in Salerno and the Benedictine monastery of Montecassino. It was
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