Tertium Organum

three.
This difference can only be 
known.
And in order to 
know that, concepts are necessary. 
For animals identical representations are bound to merge into one, just as 
for us two simultaneous, identical phenomena taking place at one point must 
merge into one. For animals it would be 
one phenomenon,
just as for us all 
identical, simultaneous phenomena taking place at one point are 
one 
phenomenon. 
Thus animals will see the world as a surface, and will measure this surface 
only in two directions. 
How then to explain the fact that, living in a two-dimensional world, or 
seeing themselves in a two-dimensional world, animals 

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orientate perfectly well in our three-dimensional world? How to explain that 
a bird flies up and down, straight ahead and sideways, in all three directions; 
that a horse jumps fences and ditches; that a dog and a cat seem to understand 
the properties of depth and height together with length and breadth? 
In order to explain this we must return once more to the fundamental 
principles of animal psychology. It has been pointed out earlier that many 
properties of objects which we remember as the 
general
properties of species 
and varieties, have to be remembered by animals as the 
individual
properties 
of objects. In sorting out this enormous store of individual properties 
preserved in memory animals are helped by the emotional quality connected 
for them with each representation and each memory of a sensation. 
An animal knows, say, two roads as two entirely separate phenomena 
having nothing in common; one phenomenon, i.e. one road consists of a 
series of definite representations coloured by definite emotional qualities; the 
other phenomenon, i.e. the other road, consists of a series of other definite 
representations, coloured by other qualities. We say that both the one and the 
other are roads, one leading to one place, the other to another. For the animal 
the two roads have 
nothing in common.
But it remembers all the sequence of 
emotional qualities connected with the first road and the second road and so 
remembers both roads with their turnings, ditches, fences and so on. 
Thus the memory of the definite properties of objects which they have seen 
helps animals to orientate in the world of phenomena. But, as a rule, when 
faced with new phenomena, animals are much more helpless than man. 
Animals see two dimensions. They constantly sense the third dimension 
but do not see it. They sense it as something 
transient,
as we sense 
time. 
The surfaces which animals see possess for them many strange properties; 
these are, first of all 
numerous and varied movements. 
It has been said already that all illusory movements must be perfectly real 
for them. These movements 
seem 
real to us also, but we 
know
them to be 
illusory, as for instance the turning round of a house as we drive past, the 
springing up of a tree from round the corner, the movement of the moon 
among the clouds and so on. 
In addition, many other movements will exist for animals which we do not 
suspect. Actually a great many objects, completely motionless for us - indeed 
all objects -
must appear to animals as 
moving. 
AND IT 
IS PRECISELY IN THESE MOVEMENTS THAT THE THIRD DIMENSION OF 

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SOLIDS WILL BE MANIFESTED FOR THEM, i.e. THE THIRD DIMENSION OF 
SOLIDS WILL APPEAR TO THEM AS MOTION. 
Let us try to imagine how an animal perceives objects of the external world. 
Let us suppose that a