Tertium Organum



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avidyâ 
is the cause of phenomenal semblance. . . . 
In the 'Upanishads' the meaning of 
Brahman
changes Sometimes he is almost an 
objective God, existing separately from the world Then we see] 
Brahman
the 
essence of all things, and the soul, knowing that it is no longer separated from that 
essence, learns the highest lesson of the whole Vedanta doctrine, 
tat tvam asi. Thou 
art That,
that is to say, 'Thou who for a time didst seem to be something 
by thyself, 
art that, art really nothing apart from the divine essence' To know Brahman is to be 
Brahman. 
Almost in the same words as the Eleatic philosophers and the German mystics of 
the fourteenth century, the Vedantist argues that it would be 


self-contradictory to admit that there could be anything besides the Infinite or 
Brahman, which is All in All, and that therefore the soul also cannot be anything 
different from it, can never claim a separate and independent existence. 
Secondly, as Brahman has to be conceived as perfect, and therefore as 
unchangeable, the soul cannot be conceived as a real modification or deterioration of 
Brahman. 
Thirdly, as Brahman has neither beginning nor end, neither can it have any parts, 
therefore the soul cannot be a part of Brahman, but the whole of Brahman must be 
present in every individual soul. This is the same as the teaching of Plotinus, who 
held with equal consistency that the True Being is totally present in every part of the 
universe. . . . 
The Vedanta philosophy rests on the fundamental conviction. . . . that the Soul and 
the Absolute Being or Brahman, are one in their essence. 
The fundamental principle of the Vedanta philosophy is that in reality there exists 
and can exist nothing but Brahman, that Brahman is everything. 
In India, as anywhere else, man imagines at first that he, in his individual, bodily 
and spiritual character, is something that exists, and that all the objects of the outer 
world also exist, as objects. Idealistic philosophy has swept away this world-old 
prejudice more thoroughly in India than anywhere else. 
Nescience [creating the division between the individual soul and Brahman] can be 
removed by science or knowledge only, and this knowledge or 
vidya 
is imparted by 
the Vedanta, which shows that all our ordinary knowledge is simply the result of 
ignorance or nescience, is uncertain, deceitful and perishable, or as we should say, is 
phenomenal, relative, and conditioned. The true knowledge, or complete insight, 
cannot be gained by sensuous perception, nor by inference. . . . According to the 
orthodox Vedantist, 
Sruti
alone, or what is called revelation, can impart that 
knowledge and remove that nescience which is innate in human nature. 
Of the Higher Brahman nothing can be predicated but that it is, and that through 
our nescience, it appears to be this or that. 
When a great Indian Sage was asked to describe Brahman, he was simply silent ­
that was his answer. 
When it is said that Brahman is, that means at the same time that Brahman is not, 
that is to say, that Brahman is nothing of what is supposed to exist in our sensuous 
perceptions. 
Whatever we may think of this philosophy [says Müller], we cannot deny its 
metaphysical boldness and its logical consistency. If Brahman is All in All, the One 
without a second, nothing can be said to exist that is not Brahman. There is no room 
for anything outside the Infinite and the Universal, nor is there room for two 
Infinites, for the Infinite in nature and the Infinite in man. There is and there can be 
one Infinite, one Brahman only. This is the beginning and the end of the Vedanta. . . 

What has often been quoted as the shortest summary of the Vedanta in a couple of 
lines, represents the Vedanta of 
Sankara
[a commentator and interpreter of Vedanta] 



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