science is proceeding in a
new direction,
instead of stating the plain fact that
the new direction goes
against science.
Professor N. A. Oumoff died in 1916, and I have no desire to impose upon
him thoughts he did not share. I had a talk with him in January 1912 which
showed me that he stood, as it were, midway between ideas of the fourth
dimension very akin to those expounded by me in the first edition of
Tertium
Organum,
and physical theories still recognizing
motion
as an independent
fact. What I mean is that while he recognized time as the fourth dimension of
space, Professor Oumoff did not regard motion as an illusion of our
consciousness, but admitted the reality of motion in the world, as a fact
independent of us and our mental make-up.
I point this out because, later, I shall quote extracts from Professor
Oumoff's paper, choosing mainly those pans which contain ideas almost
identical with the thoughts expressed by me in the preceding chapters.
I shall not deal with the greater part of the paper, depicting the
evolution of modern physics from atom to electron, for this seems to me somewhat
artificially joined to the ideas on which I would like to dwell, and has no inner
connection with them.
From my point of view it is immaterial whether the atom or the electron is placed at
the basis of matter. In my opinion, the basis of matter is
illusion,
or, in other words, the
form of representation. And a consistent development of the ideas of higher space,
which Professor Oumoff placed at the foundation of his paper, should, in my opinion,
lead to the negation of
motion,
just as a consistent development of the ideas of
mathematical physics led to the negation of matter,
as a substance.
Having mentioned
electrons,
I should add that there is a means of reconciling the
latest scientific ideas with the data of the psychological method; namely, by means of
the very ancient systems of the Kabala, alchemy and others, which put at the
foundation of the material world four principles or four elements, of which the first
two, fire and water, correspond to the positive and negative electrons of modern
physics.
But, for this electrons should be taken not simply as
electromagnetic units,
but as
principles,
i.e. as two opposing principles constituting the world.
Professor Oumoff's paper is interesting and noteworthy in that it already stands on
the very threshold of metaphysics. Maybe the only thing that stands in his way is the
lingering faith in the value of the positivist method, which in fact dies when the new
watchwords of knowledge are proclaimed.
The introduction to our forthcoming work [says Professor N. A. Oumoff] should be,
most properly, devoted to the experiences of scientific thought in its search for the
image of the world. The urgent need of scientific work along these lines will be clear,
if we turn to the precepts of our great pioneers of science. . . . These precepts
represent the deep motives of an active service to natural science and to mankind. It is
useful to express them in our times when thought is mainly directed towards
questions of organization of life. . . . Let us remember the profession of faith of the
natural scientist:
To affirm man's power over energy, time, space. . . . To know the architecture of the
world and, in this knowledge, to find a basis for creative foresight. . . . This foresight
inspires confidence that natural science will not fail to continue the great and
responsible work of creating, in the midst of old nature, a new nature adapted to the
increased requirements of mankind.
New nature has become a vital necessity in individual and public activity. But its
grandeur and its power seem to bring contentment to our thought.
The need for stability in daily life and the brevity of personal experience as
compared with the evolution of the earth, lead men to faith, and create the mirage of
the stability of the surrounding order of things not only in the present, but also in the
future. The creators of natural science do not share this tranquil point of view, and to
this circumstance natural science owes its constant development. I venture to lift this
brilliant and familiar veil and to reveal the innermost recesses of scientific thought,
poised on the dividing line between two conceptions of the world.
The steersman of science should be constantly vigilant, notwithstanding the
prosperity of his voyage; stars should constantly shine above him, by which he plots
his course in the ocean of the unknown.
At the present time, the constellations in the sky of our science have changed, and
a new star has shone forth, having no equal in brilliance.
Persistent scientific investigation has expanded the volume of the knowable to
dimensions which were inconceivable even a short while -twenty or fifteen years
ago. Number still remains the legislator of nature, but, being capable of
representation, it has eluded the conception of the world which considered it
possible to represent the world by mechanical models.
The new that has been discovered provides a sufficient number of images for the
construction of the world, but they destroy its old architecture, familiar to us, and
can only be incorporated in a new order, the free lines of which extend far beyond
the limits not only of the old external world, but also beyond the fundamental forms
of our thinking.
I have to lead you to the summits from which open up perspectives which
fundamentally re-form our idea of the world.
The ascent towards them, amid the ruins of classical physics, presents
considerable difficulties, and I beg your indulgence in advance and shall endeavour
to simplify and shorten our path, as far as it is possible.
Further, Professor Oumoff draws the picture of the evolution of form 'from atom to
electron', from material and mechanical ideas of the universe to electro-magnetic ideas:
The axioms of mechanics are but fragments, and making use of them is equivalent to
judging about the content of a whole chapter by means of a single sentence.
It is not surprising, therefore, that the attempt at a mechanical explanation of the
properties of electro-magnetic ether by means of axioms in which these properties
are either denied or are one-sidedly predetermined, proved a failure. . . .
The mechanical conception of the world proved one-sided. . . . The image of the
world had no unity.
The electro-magnetic world could not remain as something alien, external, in
relation to matter. The material conception of the world with its immutable
foundations, had insufficient flexibility to allow fusion to take place with it and its
principles. Only one way out remained-to sacrifice one of the worlds, either the
material, mechanical world, or the
electro-magnetic world. It was imperative to find sufficient basis for one decision or
the other. This was not slow in presenting itself.
The subsequent development of physics is a process against matter, which ended in
its rejection. But, side by side with this negative activity proceeded the creative work
of reforming the electro-magnetic symbolism;
it had to be capable of representing the properties of the material world, its atomic
structure, momentum, radiation and absorption of energy, electromagnetic
phenomena. . . .
On the horizon of scientific thought was rising the electronic theory of matter.
Through electrical units a connection was disclosed between matter and vacuum. .
. .
The idea of a special sub-stratum, filling the vacuum - ether - is superfluous. . . .
Light and heat are born from the movements of electrons. They are the suns of the
microcosmos. . . .
The universe consists of positive and negative units, bound together by electro
magnetic fields.
Matter has disappeared; its variety is replaced by systems of electrical units, akin
to one another and, in the place of the customary, material world, there takes shape
before us the vastly different electro-magnetic world.
But even the recognition of the electro-magnetic world has not disposed of many
insoluble problems and difficulties; the necessity of a unifying system was felt.
In our arduous ascent we have reached the point [says Professor Oumoff] where
the road divides. One stretches out horizontally towards the plain which we have just
depicted; the other leads towards the last summit, which is already visible and the
ascent is not steep.
Let us examine the point we have reached. It is very dangerous; more than one
theory has been wrecked on it. It is all the more dangerous because its subtlety is
hidden by the mask of simplicity. Its foundations are the experimental attempts
which gave a negative answer to the investigations of thorough and skilled
observers.
Professor Oumoff points out the contradictions which resulted from some of the
experiments. The need to explain these contradictions gave impetus to the finding of a
unifying principle; this was the
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