All.
But
between the world and the
All
there may be many transitional stages.
CHAPTER 22
Theosophy of
Max Muller Ancient India Philosophy of the Vedanta
Tat tvam asi
Perception by expanded consciousness as a reality Mysticism of different ages and
peoples Similarity of experiences
Tertium Organum
as a key to mysticism Signs of
the noumenal world Treatise of Plotinus 'On Intelligible Beauty' as a system of higher
logic which is not understood Illumination of Jacob Boehme 'A harp of many strings,
of which each string is a separate instrument, while the whole is only one harp'
Mysticism of the
Philokalia,
St Avva Dorotheus and others Clement of Alexandria
Lao-Tzu and Chuang-Tzu
Light on the Path
and
The Voice of the Silence
Mohammedan mystics Poetry of the Sufis Mystical states under narcotics
The
Anaesthetic Revelation
Professor James's experiments Dostoyevsky on 'time'
(The
Idiot)
Influence of nature on the soul of man
It would have been very interesting and highly important to make an
historical survey of the development of ideas and systems based on higher
logic, or derived from it. But it is extremely difficult, almost impossible, to
do this, because, after all, we know nothing about the time of origin, the
methods of transmission or ways of handing down of ideas of ancient
philosophical systems and religious teachings There are a great many guesses
and suppositions concerning the ways of handing down of ideas Many of
these guesses and suppositions were considered beyond doubt, until new
suppositions arose to refute them. Opinions of investigators are very
divergent about many questions and, generally, it would be extremely
difficult, or even impossible, to find one's way in this chaos, if one were to
rely only upon the material accessible to logical investigation
I shall not dwell at all on the question of the
handing down of ideas
, either
from historical or from any other point of view
Moreover, my survey of systems referring to the world of causes does not
pretend to be complete It is not a 'history of thought', but merely some
examples of different trends of thought which have led to similar results.
In his book
Theosophy or Psychological Religion
the well-known scholar
Max Muller gives a very interesting analysis of mystical
religions and philosophical systems akin to them. He pays special attention to India
and its teachings.
What we study nowhere but in India is the all-absorbing influence which religion and
philosophy may exercise on the human mind. So far as we can judge, a large class of
people in India, not only the priestly class, but the nobility also, not only men but
women also, never looked upon their life on earth as something real. What was real to
them was the invisible, the life to come. What formed the themes of their
conversations, what formed the subject of their meditations, was the real that alone
lent some kind of reality to this unreal phenomenal world. Whoever was supposed to
have caught a new ray of truth was visited by young and old, was honoured by
princes and kings, nay, was looked upon as holding a position far above that of kings
and princes. That is the side of the life of ancient India which deserves our study,
because there has been nothing like it in the whole world, not even in Greece or in
Palestine. . . .
I know quite well [says Müller] that there can never be a whole nation of
philosophers or metaphysical dreamers . . . and we must never forget that, all
through history, it is the few, not the many, who impress their character on a nation,
and have a right to represent it, as a whole. What do we know of Greece at the time
of the Ionian and Eleatic philosophers, except the utterances of Seven Sages? What
do we know of the Jews at the time of Moses, except the traditions preserved in the
Laws and the Prophets? It is the prophets, the poets, the lawgivers and teachers,
however small their number, who speak in the name of the people, and who alone
stand out to represent the nondescript multitude behind them, to speak their thoughts
and to express their sentiments. . . .
Real Indian philosophy, even in that embryonic form in which we find it in the
'Upanishads' stands completely by itself. ... If we ask what was the highest purpose
of the teaching of the 'Upanishads' we can state it in three words, as it has been
stated by the greatest Vedânta* teachers themselves, namely
Tat tvam asi.
This
means
Thou art that. That
stands for what... is known to us under different names in
different systems of ancient philosophy. It is Zeus or the
Eis Theos
or
to on
in
Greece; it is what Plato meant by the
Eternal Idea,
what agnostics call the
Unknowable,
what I call the
Infinite in Nature.
This is what in India is called
Brahman. . .
the being behind all beings, the power that emits the universe, sustains it
and draws it back again to itself. The
Thou
is ... the
Infinite in Man . . .
the Soul, the
Self, the being behind every human
Ego,
free from all bodily fetters, free from
passions, free from all attachments [Âtman]. The expression
Thou art That
means:
Thine
Âtman, thy soul, thy self is the Brahman, . . or in other words, the subject and
object of being and all knowing are one and the same.
This is the gist of what I call
Psychological Religion, or Theosophy,
the highest
summit of thought which the human mind has reached, which has found different
expressions in different religions and philosophies, but nowhere such a clear and
powerful realization as in the ancient 'Upanishads' of India.
* Vedanta is the
end of the Vedas,
the synopsis and commentaries to the Vedas.
For as long as the individual soul does not free itself from Nescience, or a belief in
duality, it takes something else for itself. True knowledge of the Self, or true self
knowledge, expresses itself in the words,
'Thou art That'
or '
I am Brahman',
the
nature of Brahman being unchangeable eternal cognition. Until that stage has been
reached, the individual soul is fettered by the body, by the organs of sense, nay even
by the mind and its various functions.
The Self, says the Vedanta philosopher, cannot be different from Brahman,
because Brahman comprehends
all
reality, and nothing that really is can therefore be
different from Brahman. Secondly, the individual self cannot be conceived as a
modification of Brahman, because Brahman by itself cannot be changed, whether by
itself, because it is one and perfect in itself, or by anything outside it [because
nothing exists outside it]. Here we see the Vedântist moving in exactly the same
stratum of thought in which the Eleatic philosophers moved in Greece. 'If there is
one Infinite,' they said, 'there cannot be another, for the other would limit the one,
and thus render it finite.' Or, as applied to God, the Eleatics argued, 'If God is to be
the mightiest and the best, he must be one, for if there were two or more, he would
not be the mightiest and best.' The Eleatics continued their monistic argument by
showing that this One Infinite Being cannot be divided, so that anything could be
called a portion of it, because there is no power that could separate anything from it.
Nay, it cannot even have parts, for, as it has no beginning and no end, it can have no
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