Termin O’zbek tilidagi sharhi

Termin	O’zbek tilidagi sharhi	Rus tilidagi sharhi	Ingliz tilidagi sharhi
Organik kimyo	uglerod saqlagan birikmalarning kimyosi	Organicheskaya ximiya – ximiya soedineniy ugleroda	Organic chemistry the study of carbon compounds.
Gomolog	gomologik qatorining vakili	Gomolog – predstavitelь gomologicheskogo ryada	Homolog a member of homologous series
Gomologik qator	bir necha CH2 guruhi bilan farqi bo’lgan birikmalarning qatori	Gomologicheskiy ryad - ryad soedineniy, v kotorom kajdыy posleduyuщiy predstavitelь otlichaetsya ot predыduщego na gruppu SN2.	Homologous series a family of compounds in which each member differs from the next by one methylene group
Radikal	bitta elektron yo’q bo’lgan guruh (atom)	Radikal – gruppa atomov ili atom bez odnogo elektrona	Radical a species that has an odd number of electrons
Izomerlar	sifat va miqdor jihatdan bir xil tarkibga ega bo’lgan faqat kimyoviy yoki fazoviy tuzilishi bilan farq qiladigan, shunga ko’ra xossalari ham har xil bo’lgan birikmalar	Izomerы – soedineniya s odinakovыm elementnыm sostavom, molekulyarnoy massoy, no otlichayuщiesya stroeniem.	Isomers compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.
Fazoviy izomerlar (stereoizomer-lar)	tarkibi va kimyoviy tuzilishi bir xil bo’lgan faqat fazoda atomlarning o’zaro joylashishi bilan bir-biridan farq qiladigan birikmalar	Prostranstvennыe izomerы (stereoizomerы) – soedineniya s odinakovыm sostavom i ximicheskim stroeniem, no otlichayuщiesya po raspolojeniyu atomov v prostranstve.	Stereoisomers isomers that have their atoms connected in the same order but have different three-dimensional arrangements.
Konfiguratsiya	molekuladagi atomlarning fazoda malum tartibda joylashishi	Konfiguratsiya – to ili inoe otnositelьnoe raspolojenie atomov molekulы v prostranstve.	Configuration the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms bonded to a chirality center.
Konformatsiya	ma’lum bir konfiguratsiyaga ega bo’lgan molekula ichida atomlarning yoki atom guruhlarning bir yoki bir necha σ-bog’ atrofida aylanishidan hosil bo’ladigan holat	Konformatsiya - razlichnoe prostranstvennoe raspolojenie atomov ili atomnыx grupp v molekulax opredelennoy konfiguratsii, obuslovlennoe vraщeniem vokrug σ-svyazey.	Conformations the three-dimensional shape of a molecule at any given instant, assuming that rotation around single bonds is frozen.
Boshlang’ich struktura	birikmaning eng ko’p sonli xarakteristik guruhlar birikkan kismi	Rodonachalьnaya struktura - strukturnыy fragment molekulы, lejaщiy v osnove nazvaniya.	Skeletal structures a shorthand way of writing structures in which carbon atoms are assumed to be at each intersection of two lines (bonds) and at the end of each line.
Funksional guruh	birikmaning kimyoviy xossalarni beradigan xarakteristik guruh	Funktsionalьnaya gruppa - strukturnыy fragment molekulы, opredelyayuщiy yee ximicheskie svoystva.	Functional an atom or group of atoms that is part of a larger molecule and has a characteristic chemical reactivity.
Kovalent bog’lanish	umumiy elektron juftlar asosida vujudga keladigan metallmaslar orasidagi bog’lanish.	Kovalentnaya svyazь – svyazь, obrazovannaya za schet obщix elektronnыx par.	Covalent bond a bond formed by sharing electrons between atoms.
Ion bog’lanish	elektrostatik tortishuv asosida vujudga keladigan bog’lanish	Ionnaya svyazь – svyazь, obrazovannaya za schet elektrostaticheskogo prityajeniya atomov	Ionic bond the electrostatic attraction between ions of unlike charge.
Induktiv effekt	elektron bulutlarining -bog’ bo’yicha siljishi	Induktivnыy effekt – smeщenie elektronov po -svyazi	Inductive effect the electron-attracting or electron-withdrawing effect transmitted through s bonds.
Nitrolash	organik modda tarkibiga nitroguruh (-NO2) ni kiritish reaksiyasi	Nitrovanie - vvedenie nitrogruppы (-NO2) v sostav organicheskogo soedineniya	Nitration the substitution of a nitro group onto an aromatic ring.
Sulfolash	organik modda tarkibiga sulfoguruh (–SO3H) ni kiritish reaksiyasi	Sulьfirovanie –vvedenie sulьfogruppы (–SO3H) v sostav organicheskogo soedineniya	Sulfonation the substitution of a sulfonic acid group ( -SO3H) onto an aromatic ring.
Oksidlanishi	birikma molekulasining kislorod atomi bilan o’zaro reaksiyasi	Okislenie – reaktsiya molekulы soedineniya i kisloroda s umenьsheniem stepeni okisleniya ugleroda.	Oxidation a reaction that causes a decrease in electron ownership by carbon, either by bond formation between carbon and a more electronegative atom (usually oxygen, nitrogen, or a halogen) or by bond-breaking between carbon and a less electronegative atom (usually hydrogen).
Karboksillash	CO2 bilan o’zaro reaksiyasi	Karboksilirova-nie – reaktsiya s SO2	Carboxylation the addition of CO2 to a molecule.
Dekarboksillash	CO2 ajralishi bilan boradigan reaksiyasi	Dekarboksiliro-vanie – reaktsiya otщepleniya SO2	Decarboxylation the loss of carbon dioxide from a molecule. -keto acids decarboxylate readily on heating.
Degitratlanish	H2O ajralishi bilan boradigan reaksiyasi	Degidratatsiya - reaktsiya s otщepleniem N2O	Dehydration the loss of water from an alcohol to yield an alkene.
Degidrogalogen-lash	vodorod va galogen ajralishi bilan boradigan reaksiyasi	Degidrogalogenirovanie - reaktsiya s otщepleniem vodoroda i galogena	Dehydrohalogenation the loss of HX from an alkyl halide. Alkyl halides undergo dehydrohalogenation to yield alkenes on treatment with strong base.
sp^3-gibridlanish	bitta s- va uchta p-elektronlarning orbitallarining gibridlanishi va to’rtta yangi gibridlangan bulutlar hosil bo’lishi	sr^3-Gibridizatsiya - obrazovanie iz odnoy s- i trex r-orbitaley chetыre kachestvenno novыe, ravnotsennыe orbitali	sp^3 hybrid orbitals hybrid orbitals derived by combination of an s atomic orbital with three p atomic orbitals.
sp^2-gibridlanish	qo’shbog’dagi uglerod atomida bitta s- va ikkita p-orbitallar gibridlanib, uchta tenglashgan orbitallarni hosil qilishi	sr^2-Gibridizatsiya - obrazovanie iz odnoy s- i dvux r-orbitaley tri kachestvenno novыe, ravnotsennыe orbitali	sp^2 hybrid orbitals hybrid orbitals derived by combination of an s atomic orbital with two p atomic orbitals.
sp-gibridlanish	bitta s- bilan bitta p-orbital bir-biri bilan «aralashib» ikkita gibridlangan orbitalarni hosil qilishi	sr-Gibridizatsiya - obrazovanie iz odnoy s- i odnoy r-orbitali dve kachestvenno novыe, ravnotsennыe orbitali	sp hybrid orbitals hybrid orbitals derived from the combination of an s and a p atomic orbital.
Gomolitik parchalanish	molekulani tashkil etuvchilarni A va B deb faraz qilsak, ular orasida bog’ hosil qilishda ishtirok etadigan elektron jufti ikki tashkil etuvchi (molekula) o’rtasida bo’linadi. A:B  A∙ + B∙	Gomoliticheskiy razrыv – razrыv svyazi v xode kotoroy kajdыy atom imeet po odnomu elektronu A:B  A∙ + B∙	Homolytic bond breakage the kind of bondbreaking that occurs in radical reactions when each fragment leaves with one bonding electron: A:B  A∙ + B∙
Geterolitik parchalanish	bunda A va B tashkil etuvchilar orasidagi umumiy elektron juftini shu tashkil etuvchilardan biri tortib oladi. A:B A^++ :B^-	Geteroliticheskiy razrыv – razrыv svyazi v xode kotoroy odin atom imeet paru elektronov, drugoy atom ne imeet A:B A^++ :B^-	Heterolytic bond breakage the kind of bondbreaking that occurs in polar reactions when one fragment leaves with both of the bonding electrons: A:B A^++ :B^-
Elektrofil (elektronni yoqtiraman)	musbat zaryadli ion.	Elektrofil («lyublyu elektron»)– polojitelьno zaryajennыy ion	Electrophile an “electron-lover,” or substance that accepts an electron pair from a nucleophile in a polar bondforming reaction.
Nukleofil	manfiy zaryadli ion	Nukleofil («lyublyu nuklon»)– otritsatelьno zaryajennыy ion	Nucleophile an electron-rich species that donates an electron pair to an electrophile in a polar bond-forming reaction. Nucleophiles are also Lewis bases.
Alkanlar	tarkibida oddiy σ-bog’lar tutgan, umumiy formulasi CnH2n+2 bo’lgan uglevodorodlar	Alkanы - uglevodorodы, v molekulax kotorыx atomы ugleroda svyazanы prostыmi kovalentnыmi σ-svyazyami. CnH2n+2	Alkanes a class of compounds of carbon and hydrogen that contains only single bonds. CnH2n+2
Sikloalkanlar	umumiy formulasi SnH2n bo’lgan, faqat zanjiri uglerod atomlaridan tarkib topgan yopiq xalqali uglevodorodlar	Alkanы - uglevodorodы, v molekulax kotorыx atomы ugleroda svyazanы prostыmi kovalentnыmi σ-svyazyami. CnH2n+2	Cycloalkane an alkane that contains a ring of carbons.
Alkenlar	tarkibida bitta qo’shbog’ saqlagan, umumiy formulasi CnH2n bo’lgan, birikish reaksiyalariga kirishadigan to’yinmagan uglevodorodlar	Alkenы - uglevodorodы, v molekulax kotorыx atomы ugleroda svyazanы dvoynoy svyazьyu. CnH2n	Alkene a hydrocarbon that contains a carbon–carbon double bond, R2C=CR2 CnH2n
Markovnikov qoidasi	nosimmetrik tuyinmagan uglevodorodlarga galoidvodorodlarni birikkanda vodorod ko’p vodorod tutgan uglerod atomiga borib birikadi	Pravilo Markovnikova - pri vzaimodeystvii galogenovodorodov s nesimmetrichnыmi alkenami atom vodoroda prisoedi-nyaetsya k bolee gidrogenizovanno-mu atomu ugleroda, to yestь atomu ugle-roda, soderjaщemu bolьshee chislo atomov vodoroda.	Markovnikov’s rule in the addition of HX to an alkene, the hydrogen atom bonds to the alkene carbon that has fewer alkyl substituents.
Zaytsev qoidasi	degitratlanich reaksiyalarda vodorod kam gidrogenlangan uglerod atomidanketadi	Pravilo Zaytseva –v reaktsiyax otщep-leniya vodы vmeste s gidroksilom uxodit atom vodoroda ot menee gidrogenizi- zirovannogo sosed-nego atoma ugleroda.	Zaitsev’s rule a rule stating that E2 elimination reactions normally yield the more highly substituted alkene as major product.
Alkinlar	tarkibida bitta uch bog’ saqlagan, umumiy formulasi CnH2n-2 to’yinmagan uglevodorodlar	Alkinы - uglevodorodы, v molekulax kotorыx atomы ugleroda svyazanы troynoy svyazьyu. CnH2n-2	Alkyne a hydrocarbon that contains a carbon–carbon triple bond, RC≡CR. CnH2n-2
Aromatik uglevodorodlar (arenlar)	molekulasida benzol xalqasi saqlagan karbosiklik birikmalar.	Arenы – soedineniya, soderjaщie benzol	Arene an alkyl-substituted benzene.
Aromatiklik	halqasi bo’lgan birikmalar birikish reaksiyalariga qiyinchilik bilan, almashinish reaksiyalariga osonlik bilan kirish xodisasi, elektronlarning soni 4n + 2 formulaga mos kelgan	Aromatichnostь - sovokupnostь spe-tsificheskix svoystv benzola, a imenno vыsokaya stabilь-nostь, inertnostь v reaktsiyax prisoedi-neniya i sklonnostь k reaktsiyam zameщe-niya, kolichestvo r-elektronov sootvet-stvuet formule 4n + 2	Aromaticity the special characteristics of cyclic conjugated molecules, including unusual stability and a tendency to undergo substitution reactions rather than addition reactions on treatment with electrophiles. Aromatic molecules are planar, cyclic, conjugated species with 4n + 2 p electrons.
Alkilgalogenli hosilalari	alifatik uglevodorod molekulasidagi bir yoki bir necha vodorod atomlarining galogenga almashinishidan hosil bo’lgan birikmalar	Alkilgalogenidы – alifaticheskie soedineniya, v kotorыx odin ili neskolьko atomov vodorodы zameщenы na atom galogena.	Alkyl halide a compound with a halogen atom bonded to a saturated, sp^3-hybridized carbon atom.
Bimolekulyar nukleofil o’rin olish reaksiyasi (SN2)	bir bosqichda, oraliq aktiv kompleks hosil bo’lishi bilan boradigan va reaksiyaning tezligi ikkita zarrachaning: galogen hosilaning va nukleofilning konsentratsiyasiga bog’liq bo’ladigan reaksiyasi	Reaktsiya SN2 - reaktsiya proisxodit v odnu stadiyu cherez obrazovanie perexodnogo sostoyaniya, v postroenii kotorogo prinimaet uchastie kak molekula galogenalkana, tak i nukleofilьnыy reagent.	SN2 reaction a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction.
Monomolekulyar nukleofil o’rin olish reaksiyasi (SN1)	ikki bosqichli, reaksiyaning tezligi faqat galogen hosilaning konsentratsiyasiga bog’liq bo’ladigan va bunda galogen hosila dissotsiyalanishidan so’ng o’rin olish reaksiyasi amalga oshadigan reaksiyasi	Reaktsiya SN1 – reaktsiya gde razrыv svyazi C-Hal predshestvuet obrazovaniyu svyazi C-Nu.	SN1 reaction a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction.
Spirtlar	uglevodorodlardagi bir yoki bir necha vodorod atomlarining gidroksil hosil bo’lgan birikmalar.	Spirtы - proizvodnыe alifaticheskix uglevodorodov, v kotorыx odin ili neskolьko atomov vodoroda zameщenы na –ON gruppu	Alcohols a class of compounds with -OH group bonded to a saturated, sp^3-hybridized carbon, ROH.
Fenollar	benzol xalqasidagi bir yoki bir necha vodorod atomining gidroksil guruhga almashinishidan hosil bo’lgan birikmalar	Fenolы -proizvodnыe aromaticheskix uglevodorodov, v kotorыx odin ili neskolьko atomov vodoroda zameщenы na –ON gruppu	Phenols a class of compounds with an -OH group directly bonded to an aromatic ring, ArOH.
Oddiy efirlar	spirt gidroksilidagi vodorod atomining boshqa radikalga almashinishidan hosil bo’lgan birikmalar	Prostыe efirы – proizvodnыe spirtov, v kotorыx vodorodo gidroksilьnoy gruppы zameщen na radikal	Ethers a class of compounds that has two organic substituents bonded to the same oxygen atom, ROR
Aldegidlar	molekulasi tarkibida aldegid guruh saqlagan oksobirikmalar	Alьdegidы – soedineniya, soderjaщie karbonilьnuyu gruppu i vodorod	Aldegides a class of compounds with organic substituents bonded to a carbonyl group. RCON
Ketonlar	molekulasi tarkibida keto guruh (R-C=O) saqlagan oksobirikmalar	Ketonы – soedineniya, soderjaщie dva radikala i karbonilьnuyu gruppu	Ketones a class of compounds with two organic substituents bonded to a carbonyl group, R2C=O.
Aminlar	ammiakning bir yoki bir necha vodorod atomlarinig uglevodorod radikallariga almashinishidan hosil bo’lgan organik birikmalar RNH2, R2NH, R3N.	Aminы – proizvodnыe ammiaka, v kotorыx odin ili neskolьko atomov vodorodы zameщenы na radikalы RNH2, R2NH, R3N.	Amines a class of compounds containing one or more organic substituents bonded to a nitrogen atom, RNH2, R2NH, or R3N.
Diazobirikmalar	tarkibida bir-biri bilan o’zaro bog’langan azot atomlari tutgan va bu azot atomlardan biri uglevodorod radikali, ikkinchisi mineral kislota qoldig’i bilan bog’langan organik birikmalar	Diazosoedineniya – soedineniya obщey formuloy RN2X.	Diazo compounds a class of compounds with the general structure RN2X.
Azobirikmalar	tarkibida azoguruh -N=N- saqlagan va bu guruhdagi azot atomlari aromatik uglevodorod radikallari bilan bog’langan organik birikmalar	Azosoedineniya – soedineniya obщey formuloy R-N=N-R	Azo compounds a class of compounds with the general structure R-N=N-R.
Karbon kislotalar	tarkibida karboksil guruh (-COOH) saqlagan birikmalar	Karbonovыe kislotы - soedineniya, soderjaщie karboksilьnuyu gruppu	Carboxylic acids, RCO2H compounds containing the -CO2H functional group.
Aminokislotalar	karboksil va aminoguruh saqlovchi organik birikmalar	Aminokislotы - soedineniya, soderjaщie i karboksilьnuyu i aminogruppu	Amino acids a type of difunctional compound with an amino group on the carbon atom next to a carboxyl group, RCH(NH2)CO2H.
Laktam	siklik amid	Laktam – tsiklicheskiy amid	Lactams cyclic amides.
Lakton	siklik efir	Lakton – tsiklicheskiy efir	Lactones cyclic esters.
Amidlar	karboksil guruhdagi gidroksil guruhning aminoguruhga almashingan karbon kislota hosilalari.	Amidы – proizvodnыe karbonovыx kislot, imeyuщie gruppu -CONR2	Amides a class of compounds containing the -CONR2 functional group.
Geterohalqali birikmalar	halkasida uglerod atomlaridan boshqa element atomi saqlagan yopiq zanjirli birikmalar.	Geterotsiklы – tsiklы, imeyuщie v svoem sostave otlichnыy ot ugleroda atom	Heterocycle a cyclic molecule whose ring contains more than one kind of atom.
Enantiomerlar	ko’zgu tasvirini beradigan stereoizomerlar.	Enantiomerы – stereoizomerы, yavlyayuщiesya zerkalьnыm otobrajeniem drug druga	Enantiomers stereoisomers of a chiral substance that have a mirror-image relationship. Enantiomers have opposite configurations at all chirality centers.
Diastereomerlar	ko’zgu tasvirini bermaydigan stereoizomerlar.	Diastereomerы - stereoizomerы, ne yavlyayuщiesya zerkalьnыm otobrajeniem drug druga	Diastereomers non–mirror-image stereoisomers; diastereomers have the same configuration at one or more chirality centers but differ at other chirality centers.
Epimerlar	bitta asimmetrik atomi konfiguratsiyasi bilan farq qiladigan stereoizomerlar	Epimerы - diastereoizomerы, otlichayuщiesya po konfiguratsii odnogo atoma ugleroda	Epimers diastereomers that differ in configuration at only one chirality center but are the same at all others.
Mutarotatsiya	monosaxaridlarning yangi tayyorlangan eritmasining qutblangan nur sathini burish burchagining qiymati ma’lum vaqtgacha o’zgarish xodisasi	Mutarotatsiya – izmenenie znacheniya ugla udelьnogo vra-щeniya s techeniem vremeni v sveje-prigotovlennыx rastvorax monosaxaridov	Mutarotation the change in optical rotation observed when a pure anomer of a sugar is dissolved in water.
Glikozidlar	monosaxaridlarning poluatsetal gidroksil gruppalari bilan biron organik radikal bog’lanishi bilan hosil bo’lgan birikmalar	Glikozidы - proiz-vodnыe monosaxari-dov, poluchennыe v rezulьtate vzaimo-deystviya poluatse-talьnogo gidroksi-la s drugimi organicheskimi soedineniyami	Glycoside a cyclic acetal formed by reaction of a sugar with another alcohol.
Lipidlar	o’simlik va hayvon to’qimalaridan qutblanmagan erituvchilar yordamida ajratib olinadigan birikmalar	Lipidы - obshirnaya gruppa prirodnыx organicheskix soedineniy, glavnыm obrazom proizvodnыx vыsshix alifaticheskix kislot i spirtov.	Lipids naturally occurring substances isolated from cells and tissues by extraction with a nonpolar solvent. Lipids belong to many different structural classes, including fats, terpenoids, prostaglandins, and steroids.