Ted school

PLURALS – Ko’plik shakllari

• 
  Otlarning birlik(singular) va ko’plik(plural) shakllari mavjud. Qachonki biz ikki va undan ortiq ko’p narsa, predmet, hayvon, odam yoki joylar haqida gapirsak Plural dan foydalanamiz. Otlarni asosan s harfini qo’shish orqali Plural shakliga aylantiriladi:
  

book - books chair - chairs

shoe – shoes girl - girls
year – years table - tables

• 
  Agar birlikdagi ot o, ch, sh, s, ss, x, z harflaridan biriga tugasa, bunday otni ko’plik shaklini yasash uchun es qo’shimchasini qo’shiladi:
  

glass - glasses bus – buses potato – potatoes quiz – quizzes

fish – fishes church – churches echo – echoes buzz –buzzes
fox – foxes tomato – tomatoes hero – heroes


Exception rule! (Istisno holat)

• 
  Ma’lum bir o harfi bilan tugovchi so’zlar borki, ularning ko’plik shakllarini yasash uchun to’g’ridan to’g’ri s harfini qo’shiladi, bular quyidagilar:
  

Dynamo – dynamos kangaroo – kangaroos studio - studios tattoo – tattoos

kilo – kilos video – videos solo – solos logo – logos
kimono – kimonos zoo – zoos auto – autos
photo – photos piano – pianos patio – patios

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  Agar birlikdagi ot consonant(undosh) + y ga tugasa uni ko’plik shaklini yasash uchun so’z ohiridagi y harfini tushirib o’rniga ies qo’shimchasini qo’shiladi:
  

fly – flies baby – babies

city – cities party – parties

• 
  Agar birlikdagi ot vowel(unli) + y ga tugasa, uni ko’plik shaklini yasash uchun to’g’ridan s qo’shiladi:
  

Boy – boys day – days

Guy – guys key – keys

• 
  Shunday 12 ta f va fe ga tugovchi so’zlar borki, ularning ko’plik shaklini yasash uchun so’z ohiridagi f va fe harflarini tushirib, ularning o’rniga ves harflari qo’shiladi:
  

Shelf	Shelves	Life	Lives
Calf	Calves	Self	Selves
Half	Halves	Sheaf	Sheaves
Knife	Knives	Thief	Thieves
Leaf	Leaves	Wolf	Wolves
Loaf	Loaves	Wife	Wives

• 
  Quyidagi 4 ta so’zni ko’plik shaklini yasash uchun yo to’g’ridan-to’g’ri s xarfini yoki f tushirilib o’rniga ves
  

qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi:

Scarf – scarfs – scarves sharflar

Wharf – wharfs – wharves portlar
Dwarf – dwarfs – dwarves -gnomlar
Hoof – hoofs – hooves - tuyoqlar

• 
  Yuqoridagi 16 ta so’zdan tashqari qolgan barcha f, fe bilan tugovchi so’zlarni ko’plik shaklini yasash uchun s
  

harfini qo’shamiz:

Cliff – cliffs

Giraffe – giraffes

• 
  Ba'zi otlarni ko’plik shaklini yasaganda shakl almashinishi sodir bo’ladi va bunday so’zlarni ko’plik
  

shaklini yasash uchun s xarfi qo’shilmaydi:
man – men goose – geese child – children
woman – women mouse – mice person – people
foot – feet louse – lice penny – pence
tooth – teeth ox – oxen

• 
  Ba’zi grek va lotin tilidan olingan otlar o’z tilidagi grammatik qoidaga ko’ra ko’plik shakliga aylantiriladi:
  

bacterium – bacteria terminus – termini radius – radii

datum – data cactus – cacti diagnosis – diagnoses
addendum – addenda oasis – oases formula – formulae
erratum – errata crisis – crises
ndum – memoranda basis – bases
phenomenon – phenomena criterion – criteria

• 
  Ba’zi sanaladigan otlarning ko’plik va birlik shakllari bir xil:
  

fruit swine deer aircraft moose means headquarters

sheep fish salmon shrimp series species works

• 
  Yuqoridagi so’zlarni birlik yoki ko’pligini ajratish uchun shu so’zlar oldidan kelgan raqamga yoki undan keyin kelgan birlik yoki ko’plikdagi fe’lga qaraladi.
  

Yesterday I hunted one deer in the forest.

There were six fruit on the table.

• 
  Agar fruit va fish so’zlarida ikki yoki undan ortiq tur nazarda tutib gapirilsa bularga ko’plik qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi:
  

There are five fishes in the fishbowl. (Akvariumda 5 ta turdagi baliqlar bor)

My uncle bought four fruits for my birthday. (Mening amakim tug’ilgan kunimga 4 ta turdagi mevalarni sotib oldi)