Figure 13: Global average estimates of cement composition
Notes: Cement composition estimates are provided as shares of cement production on a mass basis. The 2050 global average cement
composition estimates shown are based on the low-variability case of the 2DS.
Sources: Base year data from CSI (2017),
Global Cement Database on CO
2
and Energy Information
,
www.wbcsdcement.org/GNR
; SNIC
(forthcoming),
Low-Carbon Technology for the Brazilian Cement Industry
; CII, WBCSD and IEA (forthcoming),
Status Update Project from
2013 Low-Carbon Technology for the Indian Cement Industry;
UNEP (2016),
Eco-efficient Cements: Potential, Economically Viable Solutions for
a Low-CO
2
, Cement-based Materials Industry;
data submitted via personal communication by Sinoma Research Institute and China Cement
Association (2016-17).
2%
65%
13%
6%
8%
5%
2014
Clinker
Blast furnace and steel slag
Fly ash
Limestone
Natural pozzolana
Gypsum
Calcined clay
1%
2%
60%
7%
18%
4%
8%
2050 - 2DS
35
4. Carbon emissions reduction levers
KEY MESSAGE: The clinker to cement ratio becomes considerably reduced across different regions
by 2030 in the 2DS.
Figure 14: Regional clinker to cement ratio in the 2DS low-variability case
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
America
Europe
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
2014
2030 - 2DS
China
2014
2030 - 2DS
India
2014
2030 - 2DS
Africa
Other Asia Pacific
2014
2030 - 2DS
Middle East
Eurasia
2014
2030 - 2DS
2014
2030 - 2DS
2014
2030 - 2DS
2014
2030 - 2DS
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
America
Europe
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
2014
2030 - 2DS
China
2014
2030 - 2DS
India
2014
2030 - 2DS
Africa
Other Asia Pacific
2014
2030 - 2DS
Middle East
Eurasia
2014
2030 - 2DS
2014
2030 - 2DS
2014
2030 - 2DS
2014
2030 - 2DS
Sources: Base year data from CII, WBCSD and IEA (forthcoming),
Status Update Project from 2013 Low-Carbon Technology for the Indian
Cement Industry
; CSI (2017),
Global Cement Database on CO
2
and Energy Information
,
www.wbcsdcement.org/GNR
; data submitted via
personal communication by Sinoma Research Institute and China Cement Association
(2016-17)
.
Sources: CSI (2017),
Global Cement Database on CO
2
and Energy Information
,
www.wbcsdcement.org/GNR
; SNIC (forthcoming),
Low-
Carbon Technology for the Brazilian Cement Industry
.
Challenges to implementation
z
Regional availability
of cement blending
materials remains critical, in terms of quantity/
quality and its impact on prices. Availabilities of
GGBFS and fly ash are expected to decline.
z
Common practice, market awareness and
acceptance
should be enhanced because, in
some regions, consumers and contractors are
reluctant to select blended cements over PC.
This can be attributed to a lack of awareness by
consumers and to lack of training/education of
contractors.
z
Building standards
vary regionally in terms of
the type of blended cements that are allowed for
construction.
z
Distances between sources of blending
materials and cement and concrete plants, and
logistics,
can be barriers to the use of blending
materials because they affect economic viability.
R&D needs and goals
The availability of cement blending materials should
be quantified globally, building from bottom-up
local assessments. The need to continuously assess
36
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |