Technical Report · January 007 citations reads 319,609 author: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects

TEACHER 
STUDENT 
Shows information in a unique way 
Receives this information and interprets it 
according to the previous knowledge acquired, 
prior structures and real life situations 
Establishes a set of goals to be achieved 
Does not know which goals are to be achieved 
Plans 
Finds it already planned and does not learn how to 
do it 
Develops a single strategy 
Develops oral comprehension and only one 
learning skill: repetitive memorization 
Must motivate students constantly in order to 
raise an interest in acquiring academic 
contents 
Not all students have the same interests. There is a 
disconnection between learning and reality 
Assesses in relation to the proposed goals 
Is assessed and does not realized what has been 
learned and how has it been learned 
Table VII. 5. Direct style. Lecture Model (Aránaga and Domènech. 2001:149) 
TEACHER 
STUDENT 
Enables learning situations, purposes, objects 
and models, etc. 
Researches, investigates, discovers and adopts a 
scientific set of research skills 
Analyzes previous knowledge and strategies of 
approach 
Starts from a solid background and from a set of 
personal experiences 
Enables group situations in which personal Learns upon interactions conducted between 

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skills can be compared 
classmates 
Plans, questions and verbalizes processes 
Looks for information, analyzes it, and is 
conscious of what is being learned and the way it 
is being learned 
Proposes and shares goals 
Knows what is to be accomplished and is the 
responsible for achieving it 
Fosters self-assessment 
Is conscious about learning and making mistakes 
and consequently learns how to correct them 
Favors planning 
Anticipates, plans and learns how to organize 
himself/herself 
Table VIII. 6. Indirect style. Learning by discovery (Aránega y Doménech, 2001) 
There are different typologies in order to identify school tasks. Doyle (1983) 
presents a task classification, which is currently very popular, regarding the cognitive operations 
involved. 
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