Teaching Secondary Students to Write Effectively

multi-component interventions. These 

interventions included practices from multiple 

recommendations or practices not recom-

mended in the guide. Studies of these inter-

ventions typically cannot identify whether 

the effects of the intervention are due to one 

of the practices within the intervention or all 

of the practices implemented together. All 

studies used to support Recommendation 3 

examined interventions that included compo-

nents related to other recommendations or 

components unrelated to any recommenda-

tion. However, most studies used to support 

Recommendations 1 and 2 examined prac-

tices related to only one recommendation.

Throughout the guide, bolded citations 

indicate that a study meets WWC group 

design standards.

The studies examined interventions appropri-

ate for general education students. Five stud-

ies included ability or language subgroups, 

but the interventions in these studies were 

carried out in general education classrooms 

or were determined by the panel to be appro-

priate for general education students.