Teaching English as a Foreign Language, Second Edition

Dictation
Dictation was, of course, used as a testing device long before
Lado and the structuralist/behaviourist nexus became
influential. Lado in fact criticised dictation on three grounds,
first that since the order of words was given by the examiner, it
did not test the ability to use this very important grammatical
device in English; second, since the words themselves are given,
it can in no sense be thought of as a test of lexis; and third,
since many words and grammatical forms can be identified
from the context, it does not test aural discrimination or
perception. On the other hand it has been argued that dictation

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Assessment and Examinations
152
involves taking in the stream of noise emitted by the examiner,
perceiving this as meaningful, and then analysing this into
words which must then be written down.
On this view the words are not given—what are given are
strings of noises. These only become words when they have
been processed by the hearer using his knowledge of the
language. This argument that perception of language,
whether spoken or written, is psychologically an active
process, not purely passive, is very persuasive. That dictation
requires the co-ordination of the functioning of a substantial
number of different linguistic systems spoken and written,
seems very clear so that its global, active nature ought to be
accepted. If this is so then the candidate doing a dictation
might well be said to be actually ‘driving the car’.