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therefore contrived) materials and prescribed behaviours on teachers and learners,
leading to what
Howatt (1984: 267) refers to as a ‘cult of materials’, where: “ The
authority of the approach resided in the materials themselves, not in the lessons given
by the teacher using them, a philosophy which paved the way for the replacement of
teachers
by mach
ines such as language laboratories.” (ibid: 267)
Large-scale trials in the 1960s, comparing the merits of different methods in the
classroom, not surprisingly, proved inconclusive since researchers were seriously
underestimating the role of teachers and learners in the learning process and the
profession grew disillusioned with the search for a ‘perfect method’ (Howatt 1984;
Alderson & Beretta 1992).
The issue of authenticity reappeared in the 1970’s as the debate between
Chomsky (1965) and Hymes (1972) led to a realisation that communicative competence
involved much more than knowledge of language structures and contextualized
communication began to take precedence over form. This culminated in the approach
which, at least in EFL circles, still holds sway today
– Communicative Language
Teaching
– and paved the way for the reintroduction of authentic texts which were
valued for the ideas they were communicating rather than the linguistic forms they
illustrated. However, despite appeals for greater authenticity in language learning going
back at least 30 years (O’Neill & Scott 1974; Crystal & Davy 1975; Schmidt & Richards
1980; Morrow 1981), movements in this direction have been slow. The debate over the
role of authenticity, as well as what it means to be authentic, has become increasingly
sophisticated and complex over the years and now embraces research from a wide
variety of fields including discourse and conversational analysis, pragmatics, cross-
cultural studies, sociolinguistics, ethnology, second language acquisition, cognitive and
social psychology, learner autonomy, information and communication technology (ICT),
motivation research and materials development.
Unfortunately, many researchers limit their reading to their own particular area of
specialization and, although this is understandable given the sheer volume of
publications within each field, it can mean that insights from one area don’t necessarily
receive attention from others. With a concept such as authenticity, which touches on so
many areas, it is important to attempt to bridge these divides and consolidate what we
now know so that sensible decisions can be made in terms of the role that authenticity
should have in foreign language learning in the future.
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