Table of Contents Page Introduction 2

6. Institute Third Party Monitoring

 

Third party monitoring by independent entities ²⁴ is highly advisable at this juncture.  In the absence of trust, transparency, and joint monitoring, successive reports tend to cast doubts on previous reports. 

Acknowledgements
I thank Jeff Anhang, Amanda Fulmer, Morna Macleod, Robert Moran, Magali Rey Rosa, Grahame Russell, and Lyuba Zarsky, for their most useful comments on earlier drafts. I appreciate the trust put in me by the July 2012 Peoples Tribunal in San Miguel Ixtahuacan by appointing me as their lead judge. My fellow jurists and judges helped greatly. This paper is compiled from the literature, discussions with impacted stakeholders in Sipacapa and San Miguel Ixtuahacan and attendees of the July 2012 Peoples Tribunal, combined with a brief visit around the outside of the mine as entry was not permitted.
Brief Chronology
[Complied from: 2003 EIA; AMR, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008; CAO, 2009 and from Maest 2010; Table 1.]
1996: MEM invites mining corporations to explore for minerals; Montana Exploradora de Guatemala, S.A. begins exploration.
1996: Montana Gold Corp., of Canada began exploration in the Marlin region.
1997: World Bank US$66 million loan financed construction of a highway through Sipacapa and SMI facilitating access to Marlin.
1998: Marlin deposit discovered (December); Land acquisition begins.
2002: Marlin baseline studies begin (July).
2002: Glamis Gold bought the Marlin Mine from Montana Exploradora de Guatemala.
2003 January: SRK audit of baseline sampling.
2003 February: Montana acquires rights to more than 2,200 ha.
2003 March: Baseline studies end.
2003 June: ESIA report submitted.
2003 September: ESIA approved by MARN.
2003 November: MEM issues license for development and operation of Marlin.
2003: Community opposition to Marlin, led by the Municipality of Sipacapa
2003 November: Government of Guatemala issued mining permit to Glamis Gold.
2004 January: Underground mine development begins.
2004 February 20: Marlin engineer Rolando Garcia: “Protesters are ill-informed because Marlin is the only thing that will bring development to the communities.”
2004 May: Tailings dam construction begins.
2004 June: Feasibility study completed.
2004 June: IFC received a letter from a Guatemalan NGO requesting a three-month postponement of Marlin in view of deep social and environmental concerns; IFC refuted all allegations.
2004 June 23: IFC’s board discussed the Marlin mine, and reportedly asserted that Marlin was an “excellent” project and that it would promote socially responsible mining. Yet the mandated EIA was not received on time. Very few jobs (c.160) were projected to be created by this big investment. The mine might be productive, but the development impacts for the impacted communities and for Guatemala appeared small. It was unclear why well-capitalized Glamis Ltd., wanted IFC’s loan. The board questioned the adequacy of the revenue management arrangements (royalties were projected to be a very low – 1percent after a lengthy tax holiday). Reportedly, in the discussion of the project by IFC’s board, concern was expressed that the opposition of the National Council of Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) had surprised IFC. IFC had not heard of NCIP until a few days before the board meeting.
2004 November 4: World Bank Group’s IFC approves a US$45 million loan to Montana Exploradora/Glamis for the 10-15 year Marlin Mine. “Lining the (cyanide) tailings dams is not an option at Marlin due to the mountainous setting of the region.” This is Guatemala’s first mine investment in 20 years. (Since INCO in the 1960-1980s).
2004 December: Ministry of Mines and Energy organized the First Forum on Mining.
2004 December – January 2005: 40-day protest by impacted peoples
2005 January: An estimated 750 to 1,500 riot police and 300 soldiers shot into the crowd killing one or two Mayan Indigenous Peoples and wounding a dozen others; 16 police are injured.
2005 January 20: The Syndicated Union of Guatemalan Workers (UNSITRAGUA) filed an official complaint with UN ILO stating that the government, via its support of the Marlin mine, has violated Convention 169 on the rights of indigenous groups, specifically article 4, which states that no actions should be taken in indigenous communities that are not explicitly desired by the communities themselves, and article 6, which states that public consultations must take place each time legislative or administrative actions might directly affect them. "These mining permits were granted without previous consultation with the departments' population, which is mainly indigenous,”
2005 January 28: Annual Episcopal Conference: Guatemalan Bishops reaffirmed their stance against open-pit mining.
2005: Colectivo Madre Selva and Sipacapa impacted communities file complaint against Marlin to IFC’s Compliance Advisor Ombudsman’s (CAO) Office
2005 February: President Oscar Berger ordered a High Commission on Mining to discuss legislation to regulate mining.
2005 March/April: First Regional Conference of Indigenous Authorities rejected metal mining. “Memorial de la I Conferencia Regional de Autoridades Indígenas del Altiplano Occidental”, 5 April 2005, Prensa Libre
2005: Construction of process facilities, offices, and ancillary buildings.
2005 June 18: Sipacapa’s referendum; 98% voted against Marlin; Glamis obtained an injunction from the 7^th District Court; later revoked by the Constitutional Court.
2005 July: Waste stripping in open pit mine begins.
2005 August 9: Regional Mayan legislative meeting demanded compliance with the law.
2005 August - December: Marlin’s ore production begins
2005 September 7: CAO Complaint assessment report completed.
2005 October: Tailings deposition into the tailings storage facility begins
2005 (Late): AMAC (Asociación de Monitoreo Ambiental Comunitario) established by Goldcorp.
2005, December 21: Guatemalans present demands to World Bank President about Marlin Mine. On December 9, 2005, World Bank President Paul Wolfowitz met with Mario Tema, an indigenous Maya leader from Sipacapa, Guatemala, and Magali Rey Rosa of the Guatemalan environmental organization MadreSelva, with Friends of the Earth Canada, Oxfam America, and the Bank Information Center.
2006 March: Third party Environmental Audit and Review (Audit) by MFG.
2006: Construction of Phase II of tailings facility continues.
2006 May: IFC loan repaid; CAO complaint closed, thus absolving IFC and its CAO from all responsibility in Marlin.
2006: Citizens complain about threats, strong pressures to sell their lands, lack of transparency and fairness in land pricing, cracks in houses.
2006: AMAC collected water samples in February, May, August, and November
2006 May: Montana states there will be no exploration without consent.
2006: Four long-term column tests (drum tests) started.
2006 November: Goldcorp Inc., bought out Glamis Gold Ltd.
2006: Marlin claims never to have discharged any water to the rivers or water courses.
2007: UN CERD formally requested Canada to regulate its mining corporations in Indigenous Peoples territories.
2007 January: COPAE formed.
2007: Exploration continued with new core holes in Agel and Cancil areas.
2007 January: Bianchini report issued; claimed pollution in the Tzalá River.
2007: Three new monitoring wells installed.
2007: Additional surface water monitoring point added.
2007 November: Seepage from Area 5 waste dump first documented.
2007: Additional leaching tank added to increase gold and silver recovery; new cyanide destruction tank installed.
2008: Expansion of TSF continues.
2008: Secondary water treatment plant constructed to treat TSF discharge.
2008: Exploration on Goldcorp’s land in the Cancil and Agel area continues.
2008: MARN and MEM staff visit Marlin mine to collect water samples.
2008 April/May: Community officials from SMI and Sipacapa visit Marlin.
2008 May: Mine and plant shut down for 30 hours due to power loss from sabotage.
2008 May: Ambassadors from Canada, Holland, and United Nations Development

Program visit Marlin.

2008 June 11 – July 26: Gold production halted because electricity plant was sabotaged.
2008 July: Two Marlin mine workers kidnapped
2008: Seven internal spills in 2008 – four in process plant, three petroleum spills.
2008 September: AMAC samples quarterly and conducts surprise visit to mine.
2008 Goldcorp issues corporate Environmental and Sustainability Policy.
2008 May and August: Nine more long-term field column tests (drum tests) added.
2008 September: Latin American Water Tribunal accuses the Government of Guatemala and Goldcorp of violating the UN’s ILO Convention 169 and causing environmental damage.
2009 November: Extraordinary Report on Marlin mine.
2009 November: MEM and Goldcorp sign monitoring cooperation agreement with

AMAC.
2009: Marlin becomes the first mine in Central America to be certified under the International Cyanide Management Code.

2010 March 6: Denis Kemp’s human rights report.
2010 February: UN ILO calls for the suspension of Marlin.
2010 May 20: Organization of American States (OAS) InterAmerican Commission on Human Rights calls for “precautionary measures” to 18 Mayan communities around the Marlin mine, urging the government to suspend the mine. Goldcorp, however, dismissed the Interamerican Commission’s call for a suspension of operations as based on allegations that were ‘‘entirely without merit’’ and stated that the company has ‘‘continued to operate Marlin to the highest standards, with an abiding commitment to the responsible stewardship of the environment and to the human rights of the people in communities near Marlin.’’ (Goldcorp, 2010. Fide: Slack, 2012)
2010 June: Government arranges OAS inspection of Marlin to investigate environmental and health hazard claims.
2010 June 23: Government begins proceedings to suspend Marlin.
2010 September: The Minister of Environment accused Goldcorp of a secret night time discharge from the pond swollen due to heavy rains (IKN, 2010). Goldcorp claimed that it had notified MARN of the discharge. Goldcorp has since announced other discharges. Dr. Luis Ferraté, Minister of the Environment, presented a criminal accusation to the Public Ministry against Montana/Goldcorp, insisting on an investigation into the discharge of residual waters from the tailings pond because it may contaminate the Quivichil River. The accusation, received by the Ministry on September 28, states that on September 23, the Marlin mine discharged water from its tailings pond and that this water may cause heavy metal pollution.
2011, February 28: Impacted stakeholders who had been harmed and damaged since 2004 by Goldcorp's mine, gathered for a “Permanent Assembly” coordinated by ADISMI (the Association for the Integral Development of San Miguel Ixtahuacan) and FREDEMI (San Miguel Ixtahuacan Defense Front), to draw critical attention to the fact that the government of Guatemala and Goldcorp had not complied with a May 2010 order from the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights to suspend Goldcorp's mining operation.  Ten months had gone by, and neither the Guatemalan government, nor Goldcorp have complied. Their protests were violently broken up by Goldcorp mineworkers and other unidentified people.

• 
  A local community member and human rights defender, Miguel Bámaca, was seriously beaten.
  

* Aniseto López (a member of ADISMI and FREDEMI) was illegally detained by Goldcorp mineworkers, threatened and beaten.

* As a busload of protesters traveled along a public road, they were illegally detained and threatened by Goldcorp mineworkers.

* As many as 17 protesters have been injured and one person hospitalized.

* Phones, cameras and videos-cameras were stolen from people in the protests.

2011 December: IACHR revised its suspension ruling if all 18 communities receive potable water supplies.
2012 February (aprox.): Canada’s Houses of Parliament contemplate Bill C-323; the International Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Act, to compensate all persons including foreign citizens for a broad range of human rights violations committed by Canadian and non-Canadian corporations.
2012 July: People’s International Health Tribunal was held: Jointly organized by the Coalition for the Defense of San Miguel Ixtahuacán, the Toronto-based grassroots organization Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, and M4 – The MesoAmerican Movement against Extractive Mining Model: Communities affected by Gold Corp’s mining in Guatemala, Mexico and Honduras.
2012 July 29-31: Goldcorp Chairman Ian Telfer will host “a fascinating visit” to Guatemala.  This Canadian Parliamentary delegation was announced by Hill & Knowlton lobbyist, the Honourable Don Boudria, P.C., a former Liberal MP,  who confirmed that parliamentarians travelling were Conservative MP from Niagara-West Glanbrook, Dean Allison, chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee and Conservative MP from Chatam Kent-Essex, and Mr. Dave Van Kesteren, a member of the same committee. Labelled a junket: www.comppa.org/wordpress/?p=1434.
2012 September 3: At a press conference, the Consejo de Pueblos Mayas de Occidente asks why impacted people are excluded from meeting the parliamentarians and why they also are excluded from a closed-door meeting with the Minister of Energy and Mines. Goldcorp stressed that in no way would the meeting seek to influence the draft Mining Law now under active discussion. www.prensalibre.com/san_ marcos/Cuestionan-visita-parlamentarios_0_767323299.html.
2012 September 12: Official questions raised in Canada’s Parliament about Goldcorp’s double standards between Canada and Guatemala.


Guide to further information and sources cited

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Abbreviations and Acronyms
AMR: Annual Monitoring Report
ASIES: Asociación de Investigación y Estudios Sociales (Research and Social Studies Association)
ASOREMA: Asociación Nacional de Organizaciones No Gubernamentales de los Recursos Naturales y el Medio Ambiente (National Association of NGOs for Protecting the Environment and Natural Resources)
BIC: Bank Information Center
WB: World Bank
MDB: Multilateral Development Bank
CALAS: Centro de Acción Legal Ambiental y Social de Guatemala (Center for Legal, Environmental and Social Action of Guatemala)
CAO: Compliance Adviser and Ombudsman’s Office of the IFC.
CCBG: Conference of Catholic Bishops in Guatemala
CEPREDENAC: Centro de Coordinación para la Prevención de los Desastres Naturales en América Central (Coordination Center for the Prevention of Natural Disasters in Central America)’
CERD:  UN Committee on Elimination of Racial Discrimination
CERIGUA: Center of Informational Reports on Guatemala
CFI: International Finance Corporation (IFC)
CHRLA: Center for Human Rights Legal Action
CIEDEG: Conferencia de Iglesias Evangélicas de Guatemala (Conference of Evangelical Churches in Guatemala)
COSAM: Colectivo de Organizaciones Sociales de San Marcos (Association of Social Organizations of San Marcos)
IFC: International Finance Corporation (of the World Bank Group)
IHRC: Inter-American Human Rights Commission
ESIA: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ELI: Environmental Law Institute
FIAN: FoodFirst Information and Action Network
FIDH: International Human Rights Federation
FLACSO: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences)
FNRMM: Frente Nacional de Resistencia contra la Minería de Metales (National Front Against Metal Mining
FUNDAMAYA: Fundación Maya (Mayan Foundation)
GoG: Government of Guatemala
IIES: Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales de la Universidad de San Carlos (University of San Carlos Institute for Economic and Social Research)
ILO: International Labor Organization
INCO: International Nickel Company
MEM: Ministry of Energy and Mines
WOAT: World Organization Against Torture
UNOPS: United Nations Office for Project Services
PDH: Procuraduría de los Derechos Humanos (Human Rights Ombudsman’s Office)
PIDEC: Programa de Desarrollo Integral Comunitario (Integral Community Development Program)
PoE: Panel of social and environmental experts
REMHI: Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica (Recovery of Historical Memory)
SAAS: Secretaría de Asuntos de Seguridad de la Presidencia (Secretary to the Presidency for Security Matters)
USAC: University of San Carlos

1 Mineweb, mineweb.com/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page34?oid=157590&sn=Detail&pid=110649. In addition, the World Bank Group/IFC owns about $15 million shares in Lonmin, the operator of the Marikana platinum mine in South Africa, where at least 34 mine workers were shot in the back and 77 wounded in mid-August 2012 by armed forces. The government charged protesters with murder; but the charges were subsequently withdrawn. Civil society urges the WBG to revise its investment in this project, and its approach to supporting extractive industries (e.g., Guatemala Marlin, Peru Conga and South Africa Marikana mines), as strongly advocated by the independent Extractive Industry Review of the World Bank Group’s oil, gas and mining portfolio.

2 IFC proposes to finance Mongolia’s controversial Oyu Tolgoi copper and gold mine, with Rio Tinto and the Canadian Ivanhoe Mines as proponents. Construction began in 2010; production is scheduled for 2013-4. The environmental and social impact assessment seems to have had no role in project design as it was produced when construction was almost complete -- in mid-2012. IFC has ruled that most impacted people, nomadic sheep-herders, are not a vulnerable minority, so their consent to the project need not be sought. Their removal or treatment will not need their consent as required under UNDRIP and ILO’s Convention 169. If any nomads are in the way of the mine, force will be used to clear the way. This suggests that IFC is undermining the ESIA process and other UN requirements, which is far from best practice.

3 IFC is the private sector arm of the World Bank Group. The CAO addresses only IFC work. Moran (2005) and Holt-Gimenez (2005a,b) minutely analyze the deficiencies of CAO’s 2005 Marlin report.

4 See the World Bank, Extractive Industries Review Reports: “Striking a Better Balance”, web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/0,contentMDK:20306686~menuPK:592071~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336930~isCURL:Y,00.html, 6 vols + Annexes. Also see: go.worldbank.org/T1VB5JCV61. The 2000-2004 independent “Extractive Industry Review” of the World Bank Group’s oil, gas and mining portfolio was led by H.E. Minister Emil Salim. In the interest of fair disclosure, I was honored to serve as his technical director.

5 Dispelling the Myths of Marlin, http://www.goldcorp.com/default.aspx?SectionId=10c11b86-a3a4-41d5-a716-0796f2fbd6ea&LanguageId=1&PressReleaseId=9364a16c-fa20-42a1-b5ca-88f9435f2746. See also: Goldcorp president Chuck Jeannes defending Goldcorp’s mining practices at its Marlin mine at the annual general meeting on 5 September 2012, saying it is applying the same environmental and human rights standards in Guatemala as it does in mines in Canada and the United States, at http://potomodel.com/goldcorp-president-defends-mining-practices.htm. See also: “We are proud of Goldcorp's record of safe, responsible operations at Marlin, and of the positive contributions it has brought to the area and to the country. We welcome this opportunity to demonstrate once again our commitment to operating responsibly and with complete transparency on behalf of all stakeholders…… Goldcorp and its employees have continued to operate Marlin mine to the highest standards, with an abiding commitment to the responsible stewardship of the environment and to the human rights of the people in communities near Marlin.” Chuck Jeannes, Goldcorp President and Chief Executive Officer, 06/09/10.