Lesson 6: Environment
1. biodiversity - the variety of plants and animals in a particular place
2. deforestation - the cutting down of trees in a large area, or the destruction of forests by
people
3. ecosystem - all the living things in an area and the way they affect each other and the
environment
4. emission - the act of sending out gas, heat, light, etc.
5. erosion - the fact of soil, stone, etc. being gradually damaged and removed by the waves,
rain, or wind
6. exhaust - the waste gas from an engine, especially a car's, or the pipe the gas flows
through
7. food chain - a series of living things in which each group eats organisms from the group
lower than itself in the series
8. fumes - strong, unpleasant, and sometimes dangerous gas or smoke
9. impact - the effect or influence
10. pollutant - a substance that pollutes something, especially water or the atmosphere
11. refuse - rubbish; matter thrown away or rejected as worthless;
12. achievable - a task, ambition, etc. that is one that is possible to achieve
13. advantageous - useful
14. at risk - in a dangerous situation
15. chronic - (esp. of a disease or something bad) continuing for a long time
16. conceivable - possible to imagine or to believe
17. devastating - causing a lot of damage or destruction
18. environmentally friendly - not harmful to the environment
19. fruitless - unsuccessful or not productive
20. futile - achieving no result; not effective
21. immune - unaffected; protected from or unable to be influenced by something.
22. impracticable - (of a course of action) impossible in practice to do or carry out.
23. improbable - not likely to happen or be true
24. irreparable - impossible to repair or make right again
25. irreplaceable - too special, valuable, or unusual to be replaced by anything else
26. irreversible - not possible to change; impossible to return to a previous condition
27. liable - legally responsible for the cost of something
28. pervasive - present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place
29. pointless - having no useful purpose
30. pristine - original and pure; not spoiled or worn from use
31. questionable - not certain, or wrong in some way
32. sustainable - causing little or no damage to the environment
33. taxing - challenging; needing too much effort
34. unattainable - not able to be achieved
35. unlikely - not probable or likely to happen
36. unprecedented - never having happened or existed in the past
37. worthwhile - useful, important, or good enough to be a suitable reward for the money
or time spent or the effort made
38. confront - to face, meet, or deal with a difficult situation or person
39. contaminate - to make something less pure or make it poisonous
40. dispose of something - to get rid of something; throw out or destroy
41. inexorable - a process that cannot be stopped
42. inevitable - certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented
43. toll - suffering, deaths, or damage
44. quest - a long search for something that is difficult to find
45. insurmountable - (especially of a problem or a difficulty) so great that it cannot be
dealt with successfully
46. insoluble - (of a problem) so difficult that it is impossible to solve
47. omnipresent - present or having an effect everywhere at the same time
48. shred - to cut or tear something roughly into thin strips
48a. burrow - a hole dug in the ground that an animal, such as a rabbit, lives in
49. den - the home of particular types of wild animal
50. ecology - the relationship of living things to their environment
51. evolution - the way in which living things change and develop over millions of years
52. extinction - a situation in which something no longer exists
53. fauna - all the animals of a particular area or period of time
54. flora - all the plants of a particular place or from a particular time in history
55. habitat - the place where a plant or animal lives
56. human nature - the behaviour and feelings common to most people
57. Mother Nature - the nature, esp. when it is thought of as a force that affects people and
the world
58. predator - an animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals
59. prey - an animal that is hunted by another animal
60. repercussion - negative effect
61. scent - a pleasant natural smell
62. vegetation - plants in general, or the plants that are found in a particular area
63. vermin - small animals and insects that can be harmful
64. disastrous - extremely bad or unsuccessful
65. domesticated - brought under human control
66. endangered - at risk or in danger of dying out completely
67. extinct - not now existing
68. vulnerable - able to be easily hurt, influenced, or attacked
69. adapt - to change something in order to make it suitable for a new use or situation
70. combat - to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful
71. eradicate - to get rid of completely or destroy something bad
72. hibernate - to spend the winter sleeping
73. tolerate - to bear something unpleasant or annoying
74. twig - a small, thin branch of a tree or bush, esp. one removed from the tree or bush and
without any leaves
75. coat - the hair, wool, or fur covering an animal
76. beak - the hard, pointed part of a bird's mouth
77. hide - the strong, thick skin of an animal, used for making leather
78. scales - one of the many very small, flat pieces that cover the skin of fish, snakes, etc.
79. paw - the foot of an animal that has claws or nails, such as a cat, dog, or bear
80. claw - one of the sharp, curved nails at the end of each of the toes of some animals and
birds
81. thorn - a small, sharp pointed growth on the stem of a plant
82. petal - one of the thin soft coloured parts of a flower
83. horn - a hard, pointed part, usually one of a pair, on the head of cows, goats, and other
animals
84. vegan - a person who does not eat or use any animal products,
such as meat, fish, eggs, cheese, or leather
85. human being - a person
86. meerkat - a small, grey Southern African animal that sometimes sits up on its back legs
87. endemic - belonging to a particular area; inherent
88. prickly pear - type of cactus (= desert plant) that has oval fruit
89. paddock - a field of any size that is used for farming
90. render - to cause something to change in a certain way, make.
91. larva - the active immature form of an insect
92. cane - the long, hollow stems of particular plants such as bamboo
93. toad - a small animal, similar to a frog, that has dry, brown skin and lives mostly on
land
94. controversial - causing disagreement or discussion
95. caterpillar - a small creature like a worm with many legs that eats leaves and that
develops into a butterfly or other flying insect
96. hedgehog - small animal with spikes on its back
97. executive - director, someone in a high position
98. slug - a small animal with a soft body like a snail without a shell
99. forage - to go searching, esp. for food
100. saliva - the natural, watery liquid in the mouth that keeps it wet and helps prepare
food for digestion
101. lineage - all the living things that are related directly to the same living thing that
existed long ago
102. marsupials - have pouch and teat, mainly in Australia
103. trace - to find the origin of something
104. foetus - a young human being or animal before birth, after the organs have started to
develop
105. equator - an imaginary line around the earth or another planet at an equal distance
from the North Pole and the South Pole
106. proximity - the state of being near in space or time
107. scrap - to have a fight or an argument
108. primarily - mainly
109. litter - a group of animals that are born at the same time and
have the same mother
110. rodent - a type of small mammal with sharp front teeth
111. scrape - to (cause to) rub against something so that slight damage is produced
112. retract - moves back into the main part
113. belly - the stomach
114. quill - any of the long sharp pointed hairs on the body
115. perceive - to become aware of, know, or identify by means of the senses
116. spring up - take on form or shape
117. bristle - a short, stiff hair, usually one of many
118. squeak - to make a short high sound that is not very loud
119. vertebrate - an animal that has a spine
120. spine - the line of bones down the centre of the back
121. laden - heavily loaded with something
122. frothy - (of a liquid) with small white bubbles on it
123. prick - to make a small hole or holes in the surface of something
124. venomous - poisonous
125. irritating - making you feel annoyed
126. toll - suffering, deaths, or damage
127. bonfire - a large outdoor fire for burning waste or as part of a celebration
128. cattle grid - a set of bars, placed over a hole in the road, that allows vehicles to cross
but not animals such as cows and sheep
129. ironically - in a way that is different or opposite from the result you would expect
130. all over again - start something again from the beginning
131. wading bird - a long-legged bird that frequents shallow water, especially in search of
food.
132. inference - a conclusion drawn from evidence
133. hoglet - a small or young hog or pig; a baby hedgehog
134. feast on something - to eat a lot of good food
135. cull - to kill animals so that there are not too many of them, or so that a disease does
not spread
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