93b
. Hence,
93a
undergo 6-endo-dig cyclization while
93b
reacts to cyclize in 5-endo-dig fashion. After subsequent
deargentation step, 3-ylidenephthalide
87
and isocoumarin
88
were obtained.
Scheme 43. Mechanism of the Sonoghashira initiated ring
closure reaction.
4.3. Ag NPs on reduced graphene oxide mediated
reduction of nitrophenols
Belachew
et al
. have reported silver nano particles grafted on
reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as a reducing agent for the
catalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol derivatives (Scheme
44).
[33]
The challenges in the less known silver nanocomposite
material are aggregation and poor aqueous dispersibility. This
was overcome by using environmentally friendly reagents
viz., L-methionine and is effective for the reduction of Ag
+
and GO in alkaline conditions. Scheme 43 represents the
synthesis of RGO-Ag nanocomposites in the presence of L-
Met as reducing agent. The intercalation of Ag NPs and L-
Met between RGO layers prevents the restacking of RGO and
thus aggregation of RGO was arrested with high colloidal
stability.
Scheme 44. Synthetic aspects of of RGO-Ag nanocomposite
via
in situ self-assembly method.
The reduction f GO to RGO were identified in the UV-Visible
spectral analysis. The 230 nm and 300 nm peaks (π- π* and n-
π* transitions due to C=C and C=O of graphene oxide) were
disappeared and a new peak appeared at 260 nm. The surface
morphology of L-Met capped RGO showed exfoliated and
highly wrinkled layers which indicated few layer of RGO.
TEM images showed average particle size of pure Ag NPs as
13.17 nm and are encapsulated by RGO sheets. SAED pattern
showed highly crystalline nature of Ag NPs account the face-
centered cubic (fcc) structure of Ag NPs. The reduction
reaction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in presence of NaBH
4
appears to be feasible in absence of Ag NPs because of the
negative reduction potential of 4-NP (E
o
for 4-NP/4-AP = -
0.76 V) compared to NaBH
4
(H
3
BO
3
/BH
4
-
= -1.33 V) against
normal hydrogen electrode (NHE), however this process is
not kinetically allowed. Gratifyingly, in presence of Ag NPs
the UV peak at 400 nm disappeared and a new peak at 300
nm corresponding to 4-AP appeared.
Scheme 45. The representation of reduction of 4-NP to 4-
AMP
using
RGO-Ag
nanocomposite
material
Mechanistically, the reduction began with adsorption of both
reactants on the surface of RGO-AG NP’s according to
Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism (Scheme 45). The
adsorbed BH
4
-
reacts with water on the surface of the catalyst
producing hydrogen which participates in multiple step
reduction events to form 4-AMP. Finally, desorption of 4-
AMP from the surface of the RGO-Ag NPs was the rate-
determining step in the reaction proposed for the catalytic
mechanism of RGO-Ag nanocomposite. The RGO-Ag also
displayed antibacterial activity against
B. Subtilis
and
E. Coli
.
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