1
-
6
have been acquired (Figure S3-
10) and the relevant data have been tabulated (Table 1).
ESI-MS spectra of
L1
and
L2
showed
base peak at
m/z
489.49 and 327.43 which correspond to [M+1]
+
peak however, these ligands
also exhibit
[M+2]
+
isotopic peaks at
m/z
490.57 and 328.44
(Figure S3-S4). Further, [Ce(
L1
)
2
]
complex
1
displays
[M+1]
+
base peak at
m/z
1118.12 along with an isotopic [M+2]
+
peak at
m/z
1118.92 (Figure S5). Similarly, [Nd(
L1
)
2
] complex
2
exhibits
[M]
+
peak at
m/z
1118.21
accompanying with isotopic [M+1]
+
and
[M+2]
+
peaks at
m/z
1119.21 and 1120.23, respectively.
Complex
3
displays only [M]
+
and
[M+1]
+
peaks at
m/z
and 1118.08 corresponding to the
formula [Pr(
L1
)
2
] (Figure S6-S7). Complexes based on
L2
were encoded as
4-6
having formula
[Ce(
L2
)
2
], [Nd(
L2
)
2
], [Pr(
L2
)
2
], respectively wherein
4
shows [M]
+
peak at
m/z
793.55 besides
[M+1]
+
peak
at
m/z
794.08 and likewise,
5
and
6
display [M]
+
and [M+1]
+
peaks at
m/z
797.60/793.77 and 798.13/794.34, respectively. Notably, none of the complexes
4
-
6
encompassing ligand
L2
exhibit [M+2]
+
peaks. Overall, the ESI-MS spectra for ligands and the
complexes strongly support their formation.
Table 1:
Mass spectral data for ligands
L1
,
L2,
and complexes
1
-
6
.
S. No.
Sample
m/z
[M]
+
m/z
[M+1]
+
m/z
[M+2]
+
1.
L1
488.56
489.49
490.57
2.
L2
327.43
328.44
3.
1
n.o.
1117.98 & 1118.12
1118.92
4.
2
1118.21
1119.21
1120.23
5.
3
1117.10
1118.08
n.o.
6.
4
793.55
794.08
n.o.
7.
5
797.60
798.13
n.o.
8.
6
793.77
794.34
n.o.
*n.o. = not observed
Fourier Transforms Infrared (FT-IR) analysis
FT-IR spectral analysis of
L1
and
L2
and
1-6
has also been acquired
in the solid-state
(Figure 2).
IR spectra of
L1
and
L2
exhibit several asymmetric and symmetric vibrations for Schiff base
ligands. The noteworthy vibrations appeared at ~1691 cm
-1
, 1650 cm
-1
and 1522 cm
-1
may be due
to the presence of multiple >C=N functional groups. However, no vibrations appeared around
3100-3400 cm
-1
which rules out the presence of -NH
2
functional groups in the ligands thus
formation of azomethine (>C=N-) in the Schiff bases. The significant lowering of >C=N
stretching frequency in the complexes supports the formation of complexes
1
-
6
(Figure 2). Due
to the complex formation through azomethine nitrogen atom (>C=N
M), the >C=N stretching
frequency decreases relative to those of ligands.
[50-51]
The FTIR peaks appeared in the range of 2300-2500 cm
-1
are useless and not related to these
compounds. These are instrument generated peaks which appear in the presence of CO
2
and
CO
3
2-
groups.
[52]
Figure
2
. FTIR spectra of (A)
L1
and its complexes
1
-
3,
(B)
L2
and its complexes
4
-
6
.
UV/vis and fluorescence studies
Electronic absorption and emission spectra of ligands and complexes were recorded in water:
ethanol (1:1, v/v;
c
, 100
M; Figure 3). The UV/vis spectrum of
L1
shows absorption bands at
229 nm and 342 nm along with a strong absorption band appeared at 352 nm (Figure 3). High
energy (HE) bands may be ascribed to the
π−π*
transition whereas low energy (LE) band may be
attributed to the
n−π*
transitions. Likewise, the UV/vis spectrum of
L2
exhibits absorption bands
at 227 nm and 345 nm owing to the
π−π*
and
n−π*
transitions, respectively (Figure 3).
complexes of
L1
display HE absorption bands at 213 nm (
1
), 229 nm (
2
) and 222 nm (
3
) and LE
absorption bands at 330 nm (
1
), 342 nm (
2
) and 340 nm (
3
). Both HE and LE bands of
1
-
3
are
hyperchromically shifted with respect to that of
L1
which support the complex formation.
Complexes of
L2
display HE absorption band at 217 nm
(4)
, 206 nm
(5)
and 204 nm
(6)
besides
LE absorption band at 345 nm
(4)
, 339 nm
(5)
and 344 nm
(6).
The significant changes in optical
density for
1
-
6
in comparison to the respective ligands
L1
/
L2
accords with the presence of two
units of ligands in each complex thus UV/vis results support the formation of complexes
1
-
6
.
The fluorescence properties of ligands and their complexes have also been explored in water:
ethanol (1:1, v/v;
c
, 100
M; Figure 3). The excitation, emission and HOMO-LUMO energy gap
data have been calculated and the data have been provided in Table 2. In addition, upon
excitation
(λ
ex
) at ~350 nm,
L1
and
L2
exhibit emissions
(λ
em
) at 468 nm and 456 nm,
respectively (Figure 3C,D). Complexes
1
-
3
show sharper, blue shifted and enhanced emission
relative to the ligand counterpart (
L1
). Complex
1
exhibit
s
emission band at 439 nm,
2
fluoresces
(λ
em
) at 451 nm whereas
3
emits at 428 nm (Figure 3C). Likewise, complexes
4
-
6
encompassing
L2
exhibit slightly blue shifted, enhanced and sharper fluorescence bands at 425
nm, 433 nm and 428 nm, respectively (Figure 3D). In general, the broader spectra of lanthanide
complexes
1
-
6
may be associated to the ligand centered fluorescence.
[53-55]
Figure
3.
UV/vis spectra (A) and (B) and fluorescence spectra
(λ
ex
, 350 nm) (C) and (D) of
L1
,
1
-
3
and
L2
,
4
-
6
, respectively.
Table 2.
Fluorescence spectral parameters of obtained donor-acceptor–donor sample properties.
S. No
Compound Excitation
Emission
HOMO–LUMO
Energy Gap
1
L1
350 nm
468 nm
2.65eV
2
1
350 nm
439 nm
2.82eV
3
2
350 nm
451 nm
2.74eV
4
3
350 nm
428 nm
2.89eV
5
L2
350 nm
456 nm
2.71eV
6
4
350 nm
425 nm
2.91eV
7
5
320 nm
433 nm
2.86eV
8
6
320 nm
428 nm
2.89ev
Quantum yield (
) measurement
The quantum yields of ligands and complexes were measured taking quinine sulfate as reference
dye (
= 54%) using following formula:
ref
ref
ref
ref
A
A
F
F
2
2
*
*
*
where
represents the quantum yield, F is the integrated fluorescence emission intensity,
is
the refractive index of the solvent and A is the absorbance. “F
ref
” represents fluorescence of
reference dye (quinine sulfate) in 0.5M H
2
SO
4
solution and the refractive index of ethanol =
1.36. The
value has been determined and shown in Table 3.
Table 3
. The quantum yield (
) values for
L1
,
L2
and
1
-
6
.
Compounds
L1
1
2
3
L2
4
5
6
QY (%)
7
11
15
13
5
10
12
14
Anti-microbial activity:
In the study of anti-microbial activity of di
-
or trimeric heterocyclic
rings compared with their minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) on examining pathogenic
microorganisms, nitro substituted groups have shown effective anti-microbial activity as
compared to non-substituted groups.
[56]
Introduction of such ligands in the coordination
compounds causes polarity on the systems. Further, decrease in their size increases the
penetration capacity inside the cell membrane to cross lipid barrier in the plasma membrane.
Therefore, metal complexes are generally exhibit more effective anti-microbial activity in
comparison to their ligand counterparts.
[57-58]
Benzothiazole derivatives exhibit wide range of pharmacological, CNS
and anti-convulsant
effects.
[35-38]
Moreover, the complexes based on benzothiazole systems have shown significant
anti-microbial activity against pathogenic bacteria.
[39-41]
Notably, Schiff bases
L1
,
L2
and their
metal complexes
1
-
6
exhibited good anti-microbial activity against
S. aureus
bacteria wherein,
metal complexes have been observed to be more efficient relative to
their ligand counterparts.
[44]
In addition, the Schiff base ligands such as salicylaldehyde-2-picolinoylhydrazone and their 8-
coordinated lanthanides(III) complexes showed good antibacterial activity against Escherichia
coli, Salmonella enteritidis and Klebsiella pneumonia (gram negative bacteria).
[59]
Ligands and complexes have been examined against gram-negative and gram-positive
microbial culture and found to show excellent MIC against pathogenic microbes.
[60-64]
Schiff
bases
L1
,
L2
and their lanthanides complexes
1
-
6
under examination in the present work have
been studied for anti-microbial activity against
S. aureus
and pimple-causing bacteria
Propionic
bacteria acnes
via using Wall diffusion methods (Figure 4). The activity efficacy of ligands and
complexes against
S. aureus
have been observed
in the order of
4 > 3
≈
1
≈
6 > 2 > L1
≈
L2 > 5
and against
Propionic bacteria acnes
the efficiency order is
3 > 6 > 1
≈
4 > 2 > L1
≈
L2
≈
5
.
Ligands
L1
and
L2
show moderate however complexes
1-6
exhibit good anti-microbial activity.
Figure 4
. Anti-microbial activities of
L1
,
L2
, and
1
-
6
against (top)
Staphylococcus aureus
and (bottom)
pimple-causing bacteria propionic bacteria acnes.
Table 4.
Zone of microbial cultures inhibition in mm for
L1
,
L2
, and
1
-
6
.
S. No.
Compounds
MTCC-1144
MTCC-1951
1.
L1
14 mm
15 mm
2.
1
16 mm
16 mm
3.
2
17 mm
18 mm
4.
3
18 mm
20 mm
5.
L2
10 mm
14 mm
6.
4
14 mm
15 mm
7.
5
19 mm
17 mm
8.
6
18 mm
19 mm
Conclusion
In summary, thiazole containing Schiff base ligands and their complexes with Ce(III), Nd(III),
Pr(III) have been synthesized and thoroughly characterized by various physicochemical
techniques. Ionic lanthanide complexes
1
-
6
comprise 2:1 stoichiometry between ligand and
metal ion as indicated by elemental analyses, FTIR and mass spectral studies. Central metal ion
is eight-coordinated by two units of ligand wherein each of the
L1
/
L2
coordinating in tetra-
dentate fashion. The electronic absorption and emission behavior of
L1
,
L2,
and
1
-
6
have been
acquired, studied and the quantum yields have been determined for both the ligands and the
complexes. Furthermore,
L1
,
L2
and
1
-
6
were examined against cytotoxic pathogenic bacteria
S.
aureus
cell culture which indicates that complexes with positive charge interacted with bacterial
cells and intricate with the bacteria containing negative charge. In addition,
L1
,
L2
and
1
-
6
exhibited anti-bacterial activity against
propionic bacteria acnes
. Overall, the developed ligands
and their complexes exhibited anti-bacterial activity for skin infection and food poisoning,
induced by
S. aureus
bacteria and pimple-causing
propionic bacteria acnes.
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Synthesis, characterization, optical and anti-bacterial properties of
benzothiazole Schiff
bases
and their lanthanide (III) complexes
Neha Mishra
a
, Kaushal Kumar
a
, Himanshu Pandey
a
, Satyesh Raj Anand
c
, Ritu Yadav
a
, Satya
Prakash Srivastava
a
and Rampal Pandey*
b
a
Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishawavidhayalya, Sagar-470003, INDIA.
b
Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand-246174, INDIA
c
Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur-302017, INDIA
ABSTRACT:
Synthesis, characterization, optical properties and anti-microbial properties of two
new Schiff base ligands and their lanthanide complexes
1-6
[Ce(III), Nd(III) and Pr(III)], have
been illustrated. The UV/vis spectra of
L1
,
L2
and
1-6
exhibit ligand centered absorptions and
significant emission properties. Ligands and complexes are also active against skin infection and
food poisoning causing bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus
(
S. aureus
) (MTCC 1144) and pimple-
causing bacteria
propionic
bacteria acnes (MTCC 1951).
Corresponding author e-mail:
rppandeysu@gmail.com
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