Supplementary reading

1. What made Pavlov devote his life to physiology?

2. What does the term “chronic” experiment mean?

3. Does the merit of inventing the method of establishing fistulas in the ducts of salivary glands belong to Pavlov?

4. What did the discovery of the function of conditioned reflexes help to study?

5. Name three principles of the theory of reflexes.

6. What did the development of these principles lead to?

7. Where do conditioned reflexes start?

8. What is the main postulate of the theory of “artificial conditioned reflexes”?

9. What was the outcome of all Pavlov`s investigations?

10. What highest award did I.P. Pavlov receive and when?

Glossary of Biological Terms

Aerobe  an organism which needs molecular oxygen for its metabolism.

agar  a jelly-like substance obtained from seaweed (red algae) used to help solidify nutrient media for growing microorganisms.

anaerobe an organism which cannot grow if molecular oxygen is present; strict anaerobes are killed by oxygen, facultative anaerobes will grow if oxygen is present but can also grow if oxygen is absent.

antibiotic  a chemical produced by microorganisms, such as bacteria and moulds that, in dilute solution, can kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.

antibody a protein produced by B lymphocytes of the immune system. Antibodies are very specific and help defend the body against pathogens and foreign molecules by binding to antigens and bringing about their destruction.

antigen a molecule that is recognised and bound by a specific antibody.

apoptosis a kind of cellular self-destruction that demands energy and protein synthesis for its occurrence.