Submission of Proposal under Star College Scheme

Result:
Amount of calcium present in the given sample =_______


Project: 4
Aim:
To determine percentage of chloride present in the given sample (Soup powder)


Requirements:

1. 
   Silver Nitrate (0.1N)
   
2. 
   Potassium Chromate indicator 5% (W/V)
   

Procedure:

1. 
   Weigh accurately 0.500 g sample (Soup powder) & transfer it to conical flask.
   
2. 
   Add 75 cm³ of distilled water & stir the solution for 10 minutes.
   
3. 
   Add 1 cm³ of potassium chromate indicator and titrate with 0.1N silver nitrate solution to the first appearance of brick red colour.
   

Calculation:

Where, V= Volume of silver nitrate consumed in the reaction
N = Normality of the silver nitrate solution
= Weight of the sample taken


Result:
% of chloride present in the given sample = _____________


Project: 5
Fractional Distillation Experiment


Aim:
To separate a nearly ideal solution of cyclohexane (bp 81° C) and toluene (bp 111° C) using simple and fractional distillation.


Theory:
Distillation is the most common method used to separate and purify liquids.
The process consists of heating a liquid to its boiling point and the vapors are passed through the condenser. The condensate is then collected.
The vapor pressure of a liquid is defined as the pressure that is exerted by a liquid at the given temperature. This force is due to the molecules escaping from the liquid’s surface into the gas phase.
The boiling point of a liquid is that temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the pressure of the surroundings. The boiling point of a liquid is determined by placing a thermometer in the vapor.
The temperature of the vapor will remain constant throughout the distillation if the vapor is pure.
The boiling point at a given pressure is a characteristic property of the pure compound.


Procedure:

1. 
   Set up the simple distillation assembly using fractionating column apparatus on sand bath as per the demomnstration, using a 100 ml round bottom flask.
   
2. 
   Lubricate the ground glass joints with silicone grease. Get the distillation assembly checked by your teacher.
   
3. 
   Add a boiling chip before heating the solvents.
   
4. 
   Add 30 ml of cyclohexane and 30 ml of toluene to your distillation flask.
   
5. 
   Heat the distillation assembly on medium flame.
   
6. 
   Heat the round bottom flask on the sand bath until the distillate drops at a regular rate of approximately 1 drop per second. ( boiling range 78-83° C)
   
7. 
   Measure volume of cyclohexane collected.
   
8. 
   After cyclohexane has been distilled out, the vapour temperature will rise & toluene will start distilling. ( boiling range 109-114° C)
   
9. 
   Record the temperature as the distillate starts to collect in the test tube/ flask.
   
10. 
    Never distill to dryness!
    
11. 
    Allow the apparatus to cool until it is comfortable to handle distillate.
    

Result:

1. 
   Volume of cyclohexane collected = ------- cm³
   
2. 
   Boiling range of cyclohexane = ------ ° C
   
3. 
   Volume of toluene collected = ------- cm³
   
4. 
   Boiling range of toluene = ------ ° C