Structure of agriculture[

Government role[edit]

In Austria, as in most other eastern countries, the government has played an important role in agriculture since the end of War World II.^[1] The government has concentrated on mitigating social, regional, economic, and even environmental consequences of the sector's decline, as well as delaying the decline itself.^[1]
Agricultural policy has been carried out with different objectives and with different laws and policies depending on the times.^[1] at the early post-war years, the most important objectives were survival and self-sufficiency.^[1] As a poor country, Austria needed to be able to feed itself if its population was to survive.^[1]
By the 1950s, however, the policy was changing to a more global perspective, while keeping intact the traditional farm economy.^[1] The government wanted to protect domestic production, stabilize agricultural markets, protect farmers' incomes, and improve the sector's ability to compete in Austria and abroad.^[1] Increasingly, the government began to believe in the importance of maintaining rural society as an objective in its own right, for social reasons, and to protect the environment and encourage tourism.^[1] Because of these aims, agricultural policy, more than any other economic policy, reflects a mixture of economic and noneconomic objectives and concerns.^[1] The principal aim, however, is to preserve the existing number of farms as much as possible.^[1]
Within the structure of the social partnership, various organizations work to maintain farm incomes and thus farm existence, among them the Grain Board, the Dairy Board, and the Livestock and Meat Commission.^[1] These organizations set basic support prices, taking into account domestic costs and local supply and demand, with only weak linkages to world market prices.^[1]
The boards and commission use a variety of measures to achieve their broad purposes.^[1] Among these measures are import restrictions, such as border controls and entry controls—some of which may be bilaterally negotiated—and variable import duties.^[1] If import restrictions are not sufficient to maintain prices because of excess production, the surplus is exported at subsidized prices (with the subsidies usually coming from federal or provincial authorities).^[1] Authorities also apply production controls, such as sales quotas or limits, on the size and density of livestock holdings.^[1] Quotas exist for many different products, with the quotas usually fixed on the basis of past production.^[1] Price and quality controls and limits also exist, especially with respect to different prices for different grades of wheat or milk.^[1] The government can also pay direct income supplements, but these payments are generally restricted to certain mountain farming zones and other equally disadvantaged areas.^[1] Subsidies are mainly paid by the federal government but may in some instances be paid by provincial governments.^[1]
Because of the complex system of price supports and market access limitations, the exact share of subsidy costs to the government and to consumers is virtually impossible to calculate.^[1] Experts estimate that the total cost to the federal and other governments for agricultural and forestry support during the late 1980s was approximately S16 billion a year, a level that would have been roughly at the same level as that of many other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) governments but slightly higher than the EC average.^[1]
The economic research institute Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (WIFO) estimated after a major 1989 study that about 71 percent of the cost of agricultural support was borne by consumers in the form of higher prices, with the taxpayers carrying the remaining 29 percent through such different programs as direct and indirect federal and provincial subsidies or various kinds of market regulation.^[1]
Hukumat roli
Avstriyada, boshqa sharq mamlakatlarida bo'lgani kabi, Ikkinchi jahon urushi tugaganidan keyin hukumat qishloq xo'jaligida muhim rol o'ynadi.[1] Hukumat asosiy e'tiborni sektorning tanazzulga uchrashining ijtimoiy, mintaqaviy, iqtisodiy va hatto ekologik oqibatlarini yumshatishga, shuningdek, pasayishning o'zini kechiktirishga qaratdi.[1]

Qishloq xoʻjaligi siyosati zamonga qarab turli maqsadlar va turli qonun va siyosatlar bilan olib borilgan.[1] Urushdan keyingi dastlabki yillarda eng muhim maqsadlar omon qolish va o'zini o'zi ta'minlash edi.[1] Avstriya kambag'al mamlakat sifatida, agar aholisi omon qolishi uchun o'zini boqish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lishi kerak edi.[1]

Biroq, 1950-yillarga kelib, siyosat an'anaviy fermer xo'jaligini saqlab qolgan holda yanada global istiqbolga o'zgardi.[1] Hukumat mahalliy ishlab chiqarishni himoya qilishni, qishloq xo'jaligi bozorlarini barqarorlashtirishni, fermerlarning daromadlarini himoya qilishni va sektorning Avstriya va xorijdagi raqobat qobiliyatini yaxshilashni xohladi.[1] Hukumat qishloq jamiyatini ijtimoiy sabablarga ko'ra o'ziga xos maqsad sifatida saqlash, atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish va turizmni rag'batlantirish muhimligiga tobora ko'proq ishona boshladi.[1] Ushbu maqsadlar tufayli qishloq xo'jaligi siyosati boshqa iqtisodiy siyosatga qaraganda ko'proq iqtisodiy va noiqtisodiy maqsadlar va tashvishlarni o'zida aks ettiradi.[1] Biroq, asosiy maqsad mavjud fermer xo'jaliklari sonini iloji boricha saqlab qolishdir.[1]

Ijtimoiy sheriklik tuzilmasida turli tashkilotlar fermer xo'jaliklarining daromadlarini saqlab qolish va shu tariqa fermer xo'jaliklarining mavjudligini ta'minlash bo'yicha ish olib boradilar, jumladan, G'allachilik kengashi, Sutchilik kengashi, Chorvachilik va go'sht bo'yicha komissiya [1]. Bu tashkilotlar asosiy qoʻllab-quvvatlash narxlarini ichki xarajatlar va mahalliy talab va taklifni hisobga olgan holda, faqat jahon bozoridagi narxlar bilan zaif bogʻlangan holda belgilaydi.[1]

Kengash va komissiya keng maqsadlariga erishish uchun turli xil chora-tadbirlardan foydalanadi.[1] Ushbu chora-tadbirlar qatoriga chegara nazorati va kirish nazorati kabi import cheklovlari kiradi - ularning ba'zilari ikki tomonlama kelishib olinishi mumkin - va o'zgaruvchan import bojlari.[1] Agar import cheklovlari ortiqcha ishlab chiqarish tufayli narxlarni ushlab turish uchun etarli bo'lmasa, ortiqcha mahsulot subsidiyalangan narxlarda eksport qilinadi (dotatsiyalar odatda federal yoki viloyat hokimiyatlaridan keladi).[1] Hokimiyat, shuningdek, chorva mollari hajmi va zichligiga sotish kvotalari yoki chegaralari kabi ishlab chiqarish nazoratini ham qo'llaydi.[1] Kvotalar ko'p turli mahsulotlar uchun mavjud bo'lib, kvotalar odatda o'tgan ishlab chiqarish asosida belgilanadi.[1] Narx va sifat nazorati va cheklovlari ham mavjud, ayniqsa bug'doy yoki sutning turli navlari uchun har xil narxlarga nisbatan.[1] Hukumat to'g'ridan-to'g'ri daromad qo'shimchalarini ham to'lashi mumkin, ammo bu to'lovlar odatda ma'lum tog'li dehqonchilik zonalari va boshqa bir xil darajada noqulay hududlar bilan cheklangan.[1] Subsidiyalar asosan federal hukumat tomonidan to'lanadi, lekin ba'zi hollarda viloyat hukumatlari tomonidan to'lanishi mumkin.[1]

Narxlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashning murakkab tizimi va bozorga kirish cheklovlari tufayli hukumat va iste'molchilar uchun subsidiya xarajatlarining aniq ulushini hisoblash deyarli mumkin emas.[1] Mutaxassislarning hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra, 1980-yillarning oxirida qishloq xo'jaligi va o'rmon xo'jaligini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun federal va boshqa hukumatlarning umumiy xarajatlari yiliga taxminan S16 milliardni tashkil etgan, bu ko'plab boshqa Iqtisodiy Hamkorlik Tashkiloti bilan bir xil darajada bo'lar edi. va Rivojlanish (OECD) hukumatlari, lekin EC o'rtacha ko'rsatkichidan biroz yuqoriroq.[1]

Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (WIFO) iqtisodiy tadqiqot instituti 1989 yilda o'tkazilgan yirik tadqiqotdan so'ng qishloq xo'jaligini qo'llab-quvvatlash xarajatlarining qariyb 71 foizini yuqori narxlar ko'rinishida iste'molchilar to'lashini, qolgan 29 foizini soliq to'lovchilar turli dasturlar orqali to'lashini taxmin qildi. to'g'ridan-to'g'ri va bilvosita federal va viloyat subsidiyalari yoki bozorni tartibga solishning har xil turlari sifatida.[1]
Production[edit]
Austria produced in 2018:

• 
  2.3 million tons of sugar beet (the beet is used to manufacture sugar and ethanol);
  
• 
  2.1 million tons of maize;
  
• 
  1.3 million tons of wheat;
  
• 
  697 thousand tons of potato;
  
• 
  695 thousand tons of barley;
  
• 
  387 thousand tons of apple;
  
• 
  367 thousand tons of grape;
  
• 
  278 thousand tons of triticale;
  
• 
  184 thousand tons of soybean;
  
• 
  177 thousand tons of rye (12th largest world producer);
  
• 
  132 thousand tons of onion;
  
• 
  120 thousand tons of rapeseed;
  
• 
  111 thousand tons of pear;
  

In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products. ^[2]
Ishlab chiqarish
Avstriya 2018 yilda ishlab chiqarilgan:

2,3 million tonna qand lavlagi (lavlagi shakar va etanol ishlab chiqarish uchun ishlatiladi);

2,1 million tonna makkajo'xori;
1,3 million tonna bug'doy;
697 ming tonna kartoshka;
695 ming tonna arpa;
387 ming tonna olma;
367 ming tonna uzum;
278 ming tonna tritikale;
184 ming tonna soya;
177 ming tonna javdar (dunyoda 12-oʻrinda);
132 ming tonna piyoz;
120 ming tonna kolza;
111 ming tonna nok;
Boshqa qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarini kichikroq ishlab chiqarishdan tashqari. [2]

Agriculture in Austria

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A farm in Austria
The share of agriculture in Austria in the Austrian economy declined steadily after World War II, agriculture continues to represent an important element of the economy because of its social and political significance.^[1] The Chamber of Agriculture remains on an equal level with the chambers of commerce and labor, although its members produce only a fraction of the GDP that industrial and commercial workers produce.^[1]
Avstriyada qishloq xo'jaligi
Vikipediyadan, bepul ensiklopediya
Navigatsiyaga o'tish Qidirishga o'tish

Ushbu maqolada bir nechta muammolar mavjud. Iltimos, uni yaxshilashga yordam bering yoki ushbu masalalarni munozara sahifasida muhokama qiling. (Ushbu shablon xabarlarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Ushbu maqola asosan yoki butunlay bitta manbaga tayanadi. (2009 yil aprel)
Ushbu maqola yangilanishi kerak. (2009 yil aprel)

Avstriyadagi ferma

Avstriyada qishloq xo'jaligining Avstriya iqtisodiyotidagi ulushi Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin barqaror ravishda kamaydi, qishloq xo'jaligi ijtimoiy va siyosiy ahamiyati tufayli iqtisodiyotning muhim elementini ifodalashda davom etmoqda.[1] Qishloq xo'jaligi palatasi savdo va mehnat palatalari bilan teng darajada bo'lib qolmoqda, garchi uning a'zolari sanoat va savdo ishchilari ishlab chiqaradigan yalpi ichki mahsulotning faqat bir qismini ishlab chiqarsalar-da.[1]

Facts on Agriculture

Agriculture plays an important role for Austria's economy going far beyond the production of food. While the share of the agricultural production is less than 1.5 % of the GDP, the Austrian farmers provide services that have a positive impact on other industries. From being a substantial contributor to the high share of renewable energy (over 30%) in Austria, over providing service to the environment all the way to landscape management in the alpine regions, the Austria farmer is a role model for the multifunctional aspect of agriculture. These additional services rendered by the Austrian farmers are necessary, considering that the average farm size of 45 acres reduces competitiveness.
Qishloq xo'jaligiga oid faktlar
Qishloq xo'jaligi Avstriya iqtisodiyotida oziq-ovqat ishlab chiqarishdan tashqarida muhim rol o'ynaydi. Qishloq xo'jaligi ishlab chiqarishining yalpi ichki mahsulotdagi ulushi 1,5% dan kam bo'lsa-da, avstriyalik fermerlar boshqa tarmoqlarga ijobiy ta'sir ko'rsatadigan xizmatlarni taqdim etadilar. Avstriyada qayta tiklanadigan energiyaning yuqori ulushiga (30% dan ortiq) salmoqli hissa qo'shuvchi bo'lishdan tortib to tog'li hududlarda atrof-muhitga xizmat ko'rsatishdan tortib to landshaftni boshqarishgacha bo'lgan davrda avstriyalik fermer qishloq xo'jaligining ko'p funktsiyali jihati uchun namunadir. . Avstriyalik fermerlar tomonidan ko'rsatiladigan ushbu qo'shimcha xizmatlar zarur, chunki o'rtacha 45 gektar fermer xo'jaligi raqobatbardoshlikni pasaytiradi.

© Österreich Werbung, Fotograf: H.Wiesenhofer
Seventy percent of the countryside is covered by mountains and Austria’s tourism industry is making use of those topographic conditions. The tourism sector has been growing continuously and today it accounts for more than six percent of Austria’s GDP. But it is not only winter skiing that gives this “Land of Mountains” (name of the National Anthem) the third highest per capita income from tourism in the European Union. Additionally, the lush and picturesque alpine pastures, which we all remember from the famous musical “The Sound of Music”, attracts over 31 million tourists every year.
To maintain the lush pastures in the summer and ski slopes in the winter, farming in mountainous areas is of key importance. Two thirds of Austria’s 165,000 farms are located in the alpine mountains, where rearing cattle or sheep are most popular. While producing dairy products and beef, the Austrian “mountain” farmers also take over the task of maintaining and preserving the pastures of the Alps.
While mountain farming is popular in the west, the east provides ideal conditions for arable farming. The mix of the continental climate and the influence of the Pannonia, which provide cold and wet winters, but especially hot dry summer days and cool nights are ideal for corn, cereals like wheat, barley and rye, as well as sugar beets, rapeseed and sunflower. In recent years, Austria has emerged as the second biggest soybean producer in the European Union. Pig and poultry production are also popular in the arable regions of Austria. Last but not least, it is necessary to point out that Austria is responsible for one percent of the global wine production. The flagship wine of Austria with 37 percent of its vineyards is the Gruener Veltliner.