Special text: unusual railways special text: underground railways

NOTES

1. workings—горн, выработки

2. shield — щит (машина для проведения подземных выработок и туннелей, ограждающая рабочих от обрушивающихся пород и осуществляющая выемку и погрузку вынутой породы в ва­гонетки)
3. shuttle trains—челночные поезда
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

1	depth [depǿ] n	глубина	chuqurligi
2	middle ['midl] n	середина	markazi
3	expand [iks'pænd] v	расширять(ся);	kengaymoq
4	in favour of ['feivə]	в пользу	foydasiga
5	doubt [daut] n	сомнение	shubha
6	bore [bכ:] v	бурить, сверлить	teshmoq
7	extremely [iks'tri:mli] adv	крайне, чрезвычайно	O’ta
8	tool [tu:l] n	инструмент, орудие	Jihoz,qurol
9	compress [kəm'pres] v	сжимать, сдавливать	siqmoq
10	wave [weiv] n	волна	To’lqin
11	against [ə'gemst] prep	против, напротив	Qarshi
12	rate [reit] n	скорость, темп	Tezlik, temp
13	manner ['mænə] n	метод, способ	Metod,usul
14	beneath [bi'ni:ǿ] prep	под, ниже	Ostida
15	owing to ['ouin] prep	благодаря, вследствие	Sababli
16	figure ['figaə] n	цифра; рисунок, схема	Raqam, rasm,sxema
17	suppose [sə'pouz] v	полагать, считать	Hisoblamoq
18	permit [pe'mit] v	позволять, разрешать;	Ruxsat bermoq
19	journey ['dзə:ni] п	поездка, путешествие; рейс	Sayr, reys
20	interfere (with) [ntə'fiə]v	мешать,	Xalaqit bermoq
21	affect [ə'fekt] v	влиять, воздействовать	Ta’sir ko’rsatmoq
22	prepare [pri'pεə] v	подготавливать, готовить	Tayyorlamoq
23	scheme [ski:m] n	план, проект	Loyiha
24	course [kכ:s] n	курс, ход	kurs
25	pair [рεə] п	пара	jufti
26	certain ['sə:tn] а	определенный,некоторый	Aynan, shubhasiz
27	degree [di'gri:] n	степень; градус	Daraja
28	on account of [ə'kaunt]	из-за, вследствие	Sababli
29	report [ri'pכ:t] v	сообщать; п доклад; сообщение	Xabar bermoq

THEME: RAILWAY ELECTRIFICATION
I
(1) World railways are now busy in search of ways to increase their economic efficiency and the speeds of pas­senger and goods trains. One essential condition to achieve this is electric traction.
(2) The first attempt to apply electricity to transport purposes was made by Jacobi, a Russian physicist and electrical engineer. In 1838 he ran an electric boat at a speed of about 5 kph on the Neva river.
(3) Another major success in using electric power was made by Werner von Siemens who was the first to pro­duce a passenger electric locomotive. His locomotive was demonstrated at the ,exhibition in Berlin in 1879, It was a miniature four-wheeled loco hauling up to thirty passen­gers at a time round a narrow-gauged track 275 m long. The locomotive was so small. But it was a practical locomotive which was furnished with power from the third rail placed in the track between the two running rails.¹
4) Two years later, a small electric railway, the first one in the world, was put into operation in Berlin. This line was soon followed by an electrically-operated railway brought into use in the British Isles. It was an under­ground railway in London opened to traffic in 1890.
(5) The Soviet engineers always took interest in rail­way electrification. As is known, it was V. I. Lenin who put forward the idea of the country's electrification. To realize this idea 200 outstanding Russian scientists, engi­neers and economists set to work. As a result, the GOELRO Plan was worked out in 1920. According to the plan the first railways to be electrified' were the ones carrying both heavy freight and passenger traffic as well as the subur­ban railways near big cities, such as Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev, с Since that time railway electrification ad­vanced rapidly.
(6) The world's longest Moscow—Lake Baikal electric railway put into service in 1961. Now the Soviet Union has about a quarter of the whole electrified net­work in the world.
(7) In spite of having a relatively short history elec­tric traction has made a remarkable progress. Now, one can say that electric railways perform valuable service on every continent.
II
(8) When we study the geographical location of the routes over which electric traction is employed, we see, first of all, that the suburban railway routes of big cities with their dense and constant traffic are operated by elec­tric trains. We see, again, that the heavily-used trunk lines are most efficiently operated by electricity. Further, rail­ways in mountainous country, with heavy gradients,² are among the earliest to be converted to electric haulage.
(9) The chief attractions of electric haulage are four in number. One is great rapidity of acceleration. The next advantage is that the electric locomotive is always ready for use and can remain¹ in Service for practically the whole of, twenty-four hours continuously. It follows that under electrification the maintenance and operation costs are rel­atively cheap. Yet another essential benefit to be obtained is the ability of electrics to haul very long and heavy trains for there is practically no limit to the energy to be taken by the locomotive from the catenary. Besides, of all the existing kinds of traction it is the electric haulage that is most promising as regards speeds.
(10) The electric rolling stock is of two types, namely, locomotive-hauled trains and multiple-unit (m-u) trains, the latter being composed of motor coaches and trailers, that is, coaches without traction motors.
(11) Thanks to their rapid acceleration m-u trains are most suitable for suburban railways with their frequent stops and frequent services. As to electric locomotives they are mainly used to haul long-distance goods and passenger trains.
(12) Electric railways may use either direct or alternat­ing current. For the electric current to be fed to the trains the conductor rails or a system of overhead wires, often called the catenary, are needed. It is the power supply system that makes railway electrification a costly business since electric haulage makes it necessary for railways to be equipped with a whole system of electrical substations and cables to bring the power to the track. Because of a high construction cost railway electrification is justified on the railways with a high density of traffic. Thus the greater the density of traffic the more favourable situation for the operation of electric trains.
(13) There are some other drawbacks of electric haulage to be mentioned. For example, the electric trains cannot run anywhere beyond the lines equipped with the catenary. Besides, any serious breakdown in the power supply system can bring a large number of trains to a stand. In hard winter conditions the icing of the overhead wire or the conductor rail causes many troubles on electrified lines.