IEL TS Reading Actjvit
6
Short answer �uestions
..,.. Sleep:
In the course of an average lifetime, a person will spend around 70,000 hours or 25 years asleep.
Virtually all mammals, reptiles, amphibians and even fish can be said to sleep in one form or another. Yet
there is much that is still not understood about the state in which we spend up to a third of our lives.
The question of why we sleep has not been completely answered, and there are differing opinions on
the subject. Some scientists have suggested that sleep performs no biological function, and has little
purpose beyond being a convenient state in which to spend the hours of darkness. A greater number of
scientists, however, believe that sleep has two biological functions. The first is to facilitate various
restoration and repair processes within the body. This is believed to occur during a type of sleep known
as NREM sleep (non-rapid-eye-movement). The second function is to play a role in complex brain
processes such as focusing attention and socialising. This is thought to occur during the other type of
sleep: REM sleep (rapid-eye-movement). As the name suggests, in this type of sleep the eye moves
rapidly, and it is during these periods that dreams occur.
The amount of sleep required varies with age, and from person to person. In general, babies sleep up
to 18 hours a day, while young adults sleep for 6 to 9 hours day. As people age, they tend to need
slightly less sleep. At least half of babies' sleep is REM sleep, but this proportion declines to around a
quarter in adults. A typical night's sleep consists of cycles of 90 minutes or so, with the final 5 to 30
minutes being REM sleep and the rest being NREM sleep.
Whether they remember them or not, it is probable that all humans have dreams during REM sleep.
Research has showed that dreams are more concerned with perceptions (things that are seen, heard
etc.) than with thoughts. Almost all dreams include visual experience. Approximately half contain
auditory experience, and only a small proportion feature touch, taste and smell. Emotion is a common
feature, and when emotions are present, they tend to be in their more extreme forms. External stimuli
(such as cold or somebody knocking on a bedroom door) can be incorporated into dreams. Random and
chaotic though they often seem, dreams are not without meaning: they express the desires, fears and
concerns of the dreamer. There are various schools of psychoanalysis, with differing approaches, but it is
widely accepted that there is a division between conscious and unconscious mental processes, and that
dreams can offer an insiqht into the unconscious.
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
1 What processes probably take place in the body during non-rapid-eye movement (NREM) sleep?
2 What are dreams principally concerned with?
3 How do dreams frequently seem?
Download Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |