Sirtqi bo’lim 2 kurs barcha yo’nalishlar uchun ingliz tili fanidan O’quv-uslubiy qo’llanma farg‘ona – 2022 «improve your english»

Reading.
Scotland.
Area – 30,420 sq,miles – 78,789 sq.km
Population – 5,220,000 people (2007)
Capital – Edinburgh
Official language – English
Scotland is the most northern part of the three countries (eng shimoliy). It is much smaller than England. The cheviot Hills mark the boundary between the two countries. It is fully exposed to the Atlantic Ocean (to’liq qaragan). In the east
Scotland is washed by the North Sea, it is not far away from the Arctic Circle (chegaralanadi, Arktikadan). As a result of its position Scotland is not so densely populated as England or Wales. (aholi zich joylashmagan). The capital of it is Edinburgh.
Scotland is divided into 3 structrial regions the Highlands, the General Lowlands and the Southern Uplands (past tekisliklar va balandliklar)
The Highlands occupy the northern part of the country. Nearly all the regions are high ground with valleys, lakes.
The Great Glen is a valley that separates the North West Highlands from the Grampian mountain system. The valley runs from North-East to South-West and contains long narrow locks (joylashgan, o’z ichiga oladi). The Grampian mountains rise the level 2000-3000 feet Several peaks exceed 4000 feet. The highest mountain of Great Britain – Ben Nevis is 4,406 feet high. Here are the headwaters of the rivers Dee and Don (boshlanish manbai). The river Tay is the longest in Scotland (118 miles)
The Highlands of Scotland are not very high, about 600 feet. There are many valleys, lakes and sea lochs.
The Highlands cannot boast of a dense population and are uninhabitable (yashashga moslashmagan). The most part of the towns and villages have grown in modern times.
The highlands are not rich in minerals. There are only a few works, such as iron ore works (ishlayotgan zavodlar). Some coal is also found there.
The development of hydroelectric power is important there
(gidroelektrstansiya). It provides shorten work, brings light and power to the whole region. (ta’minlaydi, qisqa fursatli ish)
The Highland population concentrates on hill-sheep farming (ko’p joylashgan). The lower hills are suitable for stock-rearing (mol boqishga). The cereals and potatoes grow in the lowlands with better soils.(g’alla o’simliklari).
The granite quarrying and polishing are characteristic industries in Aberdeen (granit ishlab chiqarish, tekislash-silliqlash-sozlash). Aberdeen is also the principle port of hernings and is an important centre of many fisheries (celd baliqlari turi, baliqchilar). In the recent years there was a great increase in the tourist trade (keying paytda o’sdi). People are leaving these places because the year becoming of insufficient resources to support them (ta’minlanmaydigan manba, yordam bermaydigan manba).
The most important towns of the Highlands are – Aberdeen, Inverness,
Peterhead, Lerwick (Shetlands), Stornow (Hebrides) and Kirkwall (Ormeys) Aberdeen is the northern largest town of the British Isles and is a university town, an important manufacturing centre. But it is not only industrial town. Transport services and trade also employ many people (hunarmandchilik, ish bilan
ta’minlaydi). It is the chief Scotland port of landings of herring and white fish such as cod, haddock and plaice (treska, treskaning turi, kambala balig;i).
The Hebredes is a broken archipelago with 80 inhabited islands (orollar guruhi). Many of them are small rocky islands.
The Hebredes are very attractive, but poor agriculturally (o’ziga tortuvchi). Commercial fishing and tourism are becoming important. The Hebredes consist of the Outer Hebrides and Inner Hebrides (tashqi, ichki). Outer Hebrides have a dense population. They are mostly fisherman (baliqchilar). The Inner Hebrides may be defined as a land of small farms and crofts (kichik dalalar, hovlilar). There is no fishing industry.
Islay is called the «queen of Hebrides» as it is the richest and most productive of all islands. It is known for good trout and salmon fishing (forel, losos – baliq turi) it is 15 miles long, 2,5 miles broad. Stock raising, dairy farming and cheese making are of great importance. (mol boqish). Oats, potatoes and various vegetables are the island’s main crops (asosiy ekinlar, o’simliklar). The largest town and administrative centre of the island is Bowmore.
Port Ellen is its principle port and well knowm holiday resort (sanatoriya, kurort). As the coastline is gugged and dangerous for navigation, there are five lighthouses on the island (qirg’oq, to’g’ri emas, egri bugri, xavfli, mayaklar). The Shetland Isles make a acompact archipelago of a hundred islands isles (orolcha, kichkina orol). Only 24 of these are inhabited (aholi joylashgan). They are thinly populated out the their position and climate. It is rich in peat (torf, torf briketi). The only crops of importance are oats and potatoes.
Sheep farming provides wool for the hand knitting industry of the Isles
(qo’lda to’qish sanoati). Cattle or of lesser importance than sheep but poultry rearing has become more widespread (kamroq, uy parrandalari, kengroq tarqalgan). Fishing is important in summer. In winter thousands of women and girls are busy knitting using trade patterns (rasmiy namunalar)
The Northern Island – Unst has a reputation for 2 famous products of «lacework» shawls and ponies (qo’lda to’qiladigan ro’mollar, poni – ot turi). The Shetland Islands are famous for the long summer twilight (kechqurungi vaqt). It is a reminder of the northerly latitude (kenglik)
The Central Lowlands region is located between the Highlands and the Southern Uplands (joylashgan). In the lowlands there are many separate groups of hills and isolated crags, castle of Edinburgh and Stirling stand on hills (ajratilgan qoyalar)
There are 3 chief valleys in the Central Lowlands: The Tay valley, The Forth valley, The Clyde valley. There not many locks in them, but there are lakes of various sizes (ko’llar). The population there is dense (zich)
The rocks of the lowlands carry important coal fields. Iron and lead are worked in some areas (qalayi metal). The working of oil’s hale is also of importance there (ishlab chiqarish, neft mahsuloti).
One of the largest towns is Glasgow. Industrial towns are situated near the Lancashire coal fields. This is the centre of a great variety of manugacturing industries.
At the beginning of the 18^th century Glasgow was a great port and a manufacturing centre. Today its leading industries ship-building. Its plants output iron, steel marine engines, aero ingines, road, vehicles, machine tools and many other metal products. Glasgow also produces cotton. Woolen carpets, hosiery are especially well known (yungdan to’qilgan gilamlar, ishlab chiqarish sanoati). It is an important textile centre (tikuvchilik). Glasgow is also known for its book producing and publishing firms, chief ports and the leading distributing centre. Its exports are nearly half as great as its imports.
There are similar towns around Glasgow. They output different goods industries. The jute manufacture and jam, marmalade making are localized at Dundee, the woolen industry in Stirlingsshire (jun mahsulotlari). Paper is manufactured in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. These towns are situated around Glasgow.
Rich agricultural lands lie close to these manufacturing districts. Barley, wheat and potatoes are main crops. The farming of this region is notable for its high yields much as pig farms, poultry farms (qiziqarli, hosillar)
Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. It is also a banking, insurance centre and is famous for its fine setting architecture, historic interest, a university (sug’urta markazi). The university was founded in 1582. Its industries are of quite importance. Edinburgh is a main centre of rubber production. There are also baking and milling industries (nonvoychilik).
Other towns of importance of this part of Scotland are Paislay, Motherwell, Greenock, Dundee and Perth.
The Southern Uplands lie to the south of the Cental lowlands. It consists of high ground, its highest point is only 2,264 above the sea.
The Upland Platforms have few trees (yuqoridagi joylarda). Grasing has been practiced in this region for a long time (mol boqish). There are blackface sheep and cheviot sheep. Blackface sheep are kept on the moolands and raised for their mutton, cheviot sheep are typical of the best hill lands are kept for their wool (boqiladi, torfli yer).
In the west of Southern uplands dairy farming is highly developed (sutchilik).
It supplies with milk (ta’minlaydi).
Coalmining, granite polishing, fishing industries are developed. There is a plenty of lochs and river fishing, salmon, trout fishing (ko’llar ko’p, baliq turlari)
Its largest town is Durnfries. It has grain mills, textile industry of knitted garments for home and foreign markets (qo’lda to’qilgan kiyimlar)
The next small town is Scotland, its important with its dairy products.
The climate of Scotland is greatly influenced by the southern Uplands position
(ta’sir qiladi). The Western coasts are mildest in winter (eng yumshoq). The South of Scotland enjoys high temperature, the eastern part of it receives less rain (kam yomg’ir). The flora of Scotland is much affected by varied climate of this small country (ko’p ta’sir qiladi, turlicha ob-havo)
For its size Scotland’s fauna is rich and varied (o’z maydoniga qaraganda). The largest wild animal is the Atlantic gray seal (tyulen). The island North Pona is frequented by thousands of animals (keladi, yashaydi). The wild red deer remains in Scotland, the red deer may sometimes be found on the sane ground (qizil kiyik, kosul kiyik turi). Feral goats occur in many deep forests and on a few small islands
(yovvoyi echkilar uchraydi). Foxes and badgers are common in Scotland (bo’rsiq uchraydi).
The wild cat has increased in the first half of the 20^th century (ko’paygan). Others are common in rivers, small islands and the rocky coastline, the pole cat is rare (kuzak hayvon, siyrak). Scotland lost the brown bear in the 9^th century, the elk and the reindeer in the 12^th century, the beaver in the 16^th century (qo’ng’ir ayiq, los, shimol bug’usi, qunduz). The last wolf was killed more than two hundred years ago in 1743.
The bird life bird of Scotland is rich. Its chief glories are numerous (manzara, ko’rinish). Scotland is also proud of its golden eagle (burgut). It should be remembered that quite a lot of the most picturesque parts of Scotland are privately owned (ko’rinishli manzara, xususiy mulkdir)
Where is Scotland situated?
What are its agricultural products?
Can you tell about regions, mountains of Scotland and show them on the map.
Tell about the largest cities and towns of Scotland and show them on the map.