Proper English School
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standards, an effect which comes from the influence of other languages spoken in the
relevant region. Indian English, for example, tends toward syllable-timing.
E)
A better-documented case of these varying degrees of stress-timing in a language
comes from Portuguese. European Portuguese is more stress-timed than the Brazilian
standard. The latter has mixed characteristics and varies according to speech rate, sex and
dialect. At fast speech rates, Brazilian Portuguese is more stress-timed, while in slow
speech rates, it can be more syllable-timed.
Which paragraphs contain the following information?
1.
How one language’s stress rhythm can change according to how quickly the language is
spoken.
2. Examples of languages that give more prominence to certain syllables during speech.
3. How stress-timing in one language may be affected by the rhythm of a different language.
Exercise 11
IELTS Reading: which paragraph contains...?
Early modern policing
A)
The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis
XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The task of the police
was defined as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals,
purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each
and everyone live according to their station and their duties”. The word "police" was
borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century.
B)
In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun, a Scottish merchant, was able to persuade the West Indies
merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police
force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of
£500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered
as a potentially undesirable foreign import. However, Colquhoun used economic indicators
to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle
of the British constitution”.
C)
With an ini
tial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police
began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades. The
force was a success after its first year, and Colquhoun’s men had "established their worth
by sa
ving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives”. Word of this
success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800,
transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the
world.
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