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Fears
A.
Over the years, most people acquire a repertoire of skills for coping with
a range of frightening situations. Scientists are addressing this problem by identifying
specific brain processes that regulate fear and its associated behaviors. Despite the
availability of noninvasive imaging techniques, such information is still extremely
difficult to obtain in humans. Hence, they have turned the attention to another
primate, the rhesus monkey. These animals undergo many of the same physiological
and psychological developmental stages that humans do, but in a more compressed
time span. As they gained more insight into the nature and operation of neural circuits
that modulate fear in monkeys, it should be possible to pinpoint the brain processes
that cause inordinate anxiety in people and to devise new therapies to counteract it.
B.
For 20 years, Ned Kalin, a psychiatrist at the University of Wisconsin-
Madison, has studied fear in people and monkeys. He explained that monkeys have a
palette of fearful, or defensive, behaviors that are controlled by different brain
mechanisms. Each winter, Kalin and colleagues Steven Shelton and John Berard
study a free-living colony of primates called Rhesus macaques on a 38-acre islet
called Cayo Santiago of the coast of Puerto Rico. Over the years, they noticed that the
monkeys responded differently to different threats.
C.
Working in a lab back in Madison, Kalin and Shelton put young
macaques through three tests, and saw three adaptive fearful responses: when left
alone for 10 minutes, most of the monkeys started cooing to attract their mother’s
attention. Being separated from mother terrifies infant primates, so this is a smart,
adaptive reaction. When a human intruder entered the room and looked away from
the monkey, most of the animals skulked toward the back of their cage and froze.
Such freezing minimizes the chance of being detected and gives the animal time to
figure out what to do. When a person stared expressionless at the monkey, the animal
started a kind of “defensive aggression” reaction, with deep barking, bared teeth, and
rattling the cage. Staring, Kalin notes, can be very threatening, since it can signify
that a predator has located you or that another member of your species is trying to
dominate you.
D.
So far, so good. But why did some monkeys freeze for a few seconds,
and others for minutes at a time? Why did 5 percent of the preadolescent monkeys
freeze when they were stared at, while 95 percent got aggressive? To further define
these types of fearful behavior, Kalin gave small amounts of drugs to the monkeys.
He found that opiates inhibited the cooing for the mother, which made sense since
opiates made naturally by the body are known to affect attachment behavior, but not