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deprivation also indicate profound and real withdrawal-like symptoms, supporting the
notion of addiction.
G.
A handful of studies have attempted to study other types of media
addiction directly using APA criteria. For example, Fisher found that children could
be classified as addicted to video games. The children’s pathological video game
playing was based on model criteria such as frequency and duration of play,
supernormal expenditures, borrowing and selling of possessions to play, and self-
awareness of a problem. Phillips, Rolls, Rouse, and Griffiths studied the video game
habits of 868 children, aged 11 to 16. They found that 50 could be classified as
addicts. The addicted children played nearly every day, for longer time periods than
intended, often to the neglect of homework. They reported feeling better after play,
and using play to avoid other things. Also based on APA criteria, a case study in the
United Kingdom effectively diagnosed a young man as addicted to pinpall machines.
Consistent with third-person effect literature, the young man thought that he played
too much, but that he was not “addicted”.
H.
Therefore, anecdotal and inferential evidence suggests that television
can be extremely compelling and important in people’s lives, even beyond
dependence or habit. Whether television viewing can truly be addictive is still
unclear. Although many have made the comparison and some have even studied
addiction based on concepts drawn from popular literature, no researchers have
studied and measured television addiction based purely on DSM-IV criteria.
Recently, Kubey argued that at least 5 of the 7 DSM-IV criteria are probably
applicable to television viewing, but this remains to be tested. Although he did not
believe that the addiction criteria of tolerance and continued use despite problems
seemed likely for television use, he did believe that all the others could clearly apply.
According to Kubey, although we don’t think of television as a substance, we do take
it into our minds. Although this is a fruitful area of study, “methods to diagnose
television dependence have not been established”. So, it seems that television use
may be addictive for some people, but addiction has not been effectively
conceptualized in the communication literature. Psychiatry has provided criteria for
dependence/addiction that have taken decades to develop, but communication
scholars have yet to attempt to use them fully.
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