September 2021 oies paper: et: 01 The Energy Transition: Key challenges for incumbent and new players in the global energy system


Figure 4: The range of global consumption of primary energy in 2050 from IPCC Scenarios



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Figure 4: The range of global consumption of primary energy in 2050 from IPCC Scenarios
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Source: Rogelj et al (2018) 
– IPCC 1.5
o
Pathway report 
– p.133 
A fifth point is that it is also clear that improvements in energy efficiency must continue to play a key 
role in reducing per capita energy demand. The median case for the IPCC scenarios sees total primary 
energy demand at almost the same level in 2050 as in 2020, but by then the population is estimated to 
have grown by around 2 billion people and the world’s GDP to have doubled or more.
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However, a key 
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Rogelj et al. (2018), Chapter 2, p.122 
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IEA Net Zero by 2050 report (2021), p.199 
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The IPCC provides the median, maximum, and minimum scores from the full range of 90 available 1.5
o
scenarios in its 
analysis. 
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Rogelj et al. (2018). Chapter 2, p.111 
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The contents of this paper are the author
’s sole responsibility. They do not necessarily represent the views
of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies or any of its Members. 
point is that in developing countries this economic growth cannot justifiably be constrained by energy 
use during the energy transition, and so a fair balance will need to be found. 
Finally, the growth in renewable energy leads to three conclusions. Firstly, that the energy transition will 
be driven by electrification, which in turn will rely on wind and solar energy as its key sources. Secondly, 
that the growth in these sources of supply will need to be rapid. The median growth rate of primary 
energy supply from wind and solar in the IPCC scenarios between 2020 and 2050 is approximately 
11.5 per cent per annum,
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implying a twelvefold increase in primary energy supply from wind and solar 
in 30 years. Meanwhile the IEA Net Zero report shows a pathway that implies the addition of over 
13,500GW of solar capacity by 2050 and more than 7,500GW of wind capacity.
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A third conclusion 
would then be that this rapid growth in intermittent renewable energy will require the significant 
adaptation of all elements of the existing energy sytem, which has traditionally been organised around 
large, centralised, and dispatchable energy sources.

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