Broadcast Domain
Let me start by giving you the formal definition:
broadcast domain refers to a group of devices on a specific
network segment that hear all the broadcasts sent out on that specific network segment.
But even though a broadcast domain is usually a boundary delimited by physical media like switches and routers,
the term can also refer to a logical division of a network segment, where all hosts can communicate via a Data Link
layer, hardware address broadcast.
Figure 2.3
shows how a router would create a broadcast domain boundary.
Here you can see there are two router interfaces giving us two broadcast domains, and I count 10 switch segments,
meaning we’ve got 10 collision domains.
The design depicted in
Figure 2.3
is still in use today, and routers will be around for a long time, but in the latest,
modern switched networks, it’s important to create small broadcast domains. We achieve this by building virtual
LANs (VLANs) within our switched networks, which I’ll demo nstrate shortly. Without employing VLANs in today’s
switched environments, there wouldn’t be much bandwidth available to individual users. Switches break up collision
domains with each port, which is awesome, but they’re still only one broadcast domain by default! It’s also one
more reason why it’s extremely important to design our networks very carefully.
FIGURE 2.3
A router creates broadcast domain boundaries.
And key to carefully planning your network design is never to allow broadcast domains to grow too large and get
out of control. Both collision and broadcast domains can easily be controlled with routers and VLANs, so there’s just
no excuse to allow user bandwidth to slow to a painful crawl when there are plenty of tools in your arsenal to
prevent the suffering!
An important reason for this book’s existence is to ensure that you really get the foundational basics of Cisco
networks nailed down so you can effectively design, implement, configure, troubleshoot, and even dazzle
colleagues and superiors with elegant designs that lavish your users with all the bandwidth their hearts could
possibly desire.
To make it to the top of that mountain, you need more than just the basic story, so let’s move on to explore the
collision detection mechanism used in half-duplex Ethernet.
CSMA/CD
Ethernet networking uses a protocol called
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD), which
helps devices share the bandwidth evenly while preventing two devices from transmitting simultaneously on the
same network medium. CSMA/CD was actually created to overcome the problem of the collisions that occur when
packets are transmitted from different nodes at the same time. And trust me—good collision management is crucial,
because when a node transmits in a CSMA/CD network, all the other nodes on the network receive and examine
that transmission. Only switches and routers can effectively prevent a transmission from propagating throughout
the entire network!
So, how does the CSMA/CD protocol work? Let’s start by taking a look at
Figure 2.4
.
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