I mention “safer methods” a lot in this chapter. Clearly, I've caused myself some serious pain by not
being careful enough when working in flash memory! I cannot stress this enough—pay attention when messing
around with flash memory!
One of the brilliant features of the ISR routers is that they use the physical flash cards that are accessible from the
front or back of any router. These typically have a name like
usbflash0
:, so to view the contents, you’d type
dir
usbflash0:
, for example. You can pull these flash cards out, put them in an appropriate slot in your PC, and the
card will show up as a drive. You can then add, change, and delete files. Just put the flash card back in your router
and power up—instant upgrade. Nice!
Licensing
IOS licensing is now done quite differently than it was with previous versions of the IOS. Actually, there was no
licensing before the new 15.0 IOS code, just your word and honor, and we can only guess based on how all
products are downloaded on the Internet daily how well that has worked out for Cisco!
Starting with the IOS 15.0 code, things are much different—almost too different. I can imagine that Cisco will come
back toward the middle on its licensing issues, so that the administration and management won’t be as detailed as
it is with the new 15.0 code license is now; but you can be the judge of that after reading this section.
A new ISR router is pre-installed with the software images and licenses that you ordered, so as long as you ordered
and paid for everything you need, you’re set! If not, you can just install another license, which can be a tad tedious
at first—enough so that installing a license was made an objective on the Cisco exam! Of course, it can be done,
but it definitely requires some effort. As is typical with Cisco, if you spend enough money on their products, they
tend to make it easier on you and your administration, and the licensing for the newest IOS is no exception, as
you’ll soon see.
On a positive note, Cisco provides evaluation licenses for most software packages and features that are supported
on the hardware you purchased, and it’s always nice to be able to try it out before you buy. Once the temporary
license expires after 60 days, you need to acquire a permanent license in order to continue to use the extended
features that aren’t available in your current version. This method of licensing allows you to enable a router to use
different parts of the IOS. So, what happens after 60 days? Well, nothing—back to the honor system for now. This
is now called
Right-To-Use (RTU) licensing, and it probably won’t always be available via your honor, but for now it
is.
But that’s not the best part of the new licensing features. Prior to the 15.0 code release, there were eight different
software feature sets for each hardware router type. With the IOS 15.0 code, the packaging is now called a
universal image, meaning all feature sets are available in one file with all features packed neatly inside. So instead
of the pre-15.0 IOS file packages of one image per feature set, Cisco now just builds one universal image that
includes all of them in the file. Even so, we still need a different universal image per router model or series, just not
a different image for each feature set as we did with previous IOS versions.
To use the features in the IOS software, you must unlock them using the software activation process. Since all
features available are inside the universal image already, you can just unlock the features you need as you need
them, and of course pay for these features when you determine that they meet your business requirements. All
routers come with something called the IP Base licensing, which is the prerequisite for installing all other features.
There are three different technology packages available for purchase that can be installed as additional feature
packs on top of the prerequisite IP Base (default), which provides entry-level IOS functionality. These are as
follows:
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