Семинар 26 соат Мустақил таълим соати 42 соат тошкент 2021

LECTION 2

Grammatical Structure of English Language:
The levels of grammatical organization

Grammar is a system of contact connections both of morphemes (as the smallest meaningful units) within the word and sentences (as the largest meaningful units) within the speech complexes.

Grammar, therefore, is limited by the spheres of morphemes, words, sentences, and speech complexes.
The system of contact connections is of expanding character. Everything depends on the levels of grammatical organization where the ties of connection are viewed from. These levels are:

1. 
   positional-directive (or code);
   
2. 
   inventorial (or standard language);
   
3. 
   communicatively-styled (or individual speech).
   

These levels serve to render the main structural organization of language and to express grammatical generalization. These levels are inseparably interconnected creating a certain kind of a three rank pyramid of generalization. Its bottom is occupied by the first level which is far the deepest being logical by its nature. Due to its ciphering character this level is common to all the people irrespective of the concrete language they speak.
The second rank of the pyramid belongs to the corresponding second level of grammatical abstraction. It is mutually tied together with the first because any notion (as the meaningful essence of logical concept) requires some language matter for its realization. Thus any concept should be phonetically sounded and grammatically charged.
The top of the pyramid is formed by the third level of abstraction which is based on delivery of information. Being individual this level presupposes the act of communication. But the language creative possibilities of each person are limited by:

1. 
   the person’s belonging to a definite language community;
   
2. 
   the concrete language inventory which is the only source for language productive activity of any person.
   

Each level has its formalized meaning. It is correlation for the first level; corrective – for the second; and electiveness – for the third. Correlation establishes the line of identification between the thinking person and the outer world objects irrespective of the concrete language the person speaks. Corrective gives the grammatical regulation correcting it in a purely national way of contacts. Electiveness dictates the choice of the most adequate grammatical form within the sphere of the synonymous ones.
Each basic meaning has the formalized sphere of its realization and the formalized structure of its representation. The formalized sphere is the positional direction for correlation; the grammatical types for corrective; the grammatical synonymy for electiveness. The formalized structure is position for correlation; sentence for corrective; speech complex for electiveness.
Positional direction, after which the level is called positional-directive, determines the centripetal or centrifugal form of identification, each of which has its own set of features. Centripety is characterized by: 1) monocentrism, 2) the meaning of being, 3) relative nonterminativeness. Centrifugalness is characterized by: 1) bicentrism, 2) the meaning of possession traced in its direct or indirect quality, 3) terminativeness.
Grammatical types as the way of realization of corrective represents the formalized sphere of reproducing the positional direction. They comprise the grammatical inventory of each language after which the level is called inventorial or standard. It charges the positional direction by the required grammatical structure.
Grammatical synonymy as the sphere of realization of electiveness is based on the selected delivery of information after which the level is called deliveral (or individually styled). Communication being its distinguishing feature, it determines selection of the form mostly harmonious in keeping with his or her frame of mind (I decided to go there – My decision of going there – I decided that I should go there).