Semester: S1  S2

TOPIC: Paraphrasing (3)
Course Type: practical Semester: S1  S2					Time: 2 hours Number of Students: 12
Lesson Outline					Steps:
1. Brain-storming: Why to Paraphrase? 2. How to paraphrase? 3. Practice to paraphrase					1. Warm-up 2. Main part 3.Conclusion
LESSON AIMS: SS will master paraphrasing
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the lesson the SS will… Define the paraphrase gain knowledge of the strategies how to paraphrase
Materials used:		Preparation (Aids and Equipment)
Nuttall G., (2006), College Writing 3, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, NY Tunceren L., Cavusgil S., (2006), College Writing 4, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, NY [e-mail]		 flashcards  handout(s)  poster  pictures  music  video material  power point pres-n  visuals	 whiteboard  markers  blackboard  flipchart  scotch  scissors  other: ­­­­­­___________			 computer  LCD projector  OHP  TV/DVD player  tape-recorder  other: ­­­­­­___________
Type of Assessment
 on going assessment  participation  quiz / test  homework  presentation  peer editing  project  other: ­­­­­­___________  other: ­­­­­­___________				 on going assessment  mid-term assessment  final assessment  independent work assessment
Activity Type:				Lesson Length: (hours/days)
 individual  plenary discussion  small group  other _______________  whole class (teacher-students)				In-Class Time: _80 min Out-of-Class Time: ______________
Teaching Model:				Students will be engaged in:
 concept attainment  cooperative learning  discovery learning  direct instruction	 presentation  problem-based instruction  skill attainment			independent activities cooperative learning  peer tutoring  designing visuals  role-plays			 pairing  whole group  a project  lecture other: _____________

Detailed Procedure of the Lesson (Texnologiya xaritasi)

Steps and Time	PROCEDURE
	Teacher Activities	Student Activities
1.Introduction (5 minutes)	T with SS discusses what the paraphrase means and provides the definition: Paraphrase means to rewrite the words or sentences using different words and phrases but with the same meaning	SS speculate about the term
2.Main part (65 minutes)	T distributes handouts (Appendix 1) and asks SS to read the information about paraphrasing carefully. T asks SS the following question concerning the information in handout (Appendix 1): What are the steps to paraphrase? T notifies SS that they should use more than one technique while paraphrasing. T distributes handouts (Appendix 2), discusses with the SS each technique and asks SS to fill in the tables with necessary words from the text. T divides SS into groups of four. T distributes handout (Appendix 3) and asks SS to paraphrase the paragraphs given there. T checks how SS did the assignment and provides the possible version. If the time allows T asks SS if they have their own paragraph/ passage to paraphrase and asks SS to provide their paraphrase.	SS read the information in the handout (Appendix 1) SS say the steps in their own words. SS read and fill in the tables SS working in groups paraphrase the passages given in the handout. Volunteered SS work with the whole group trying to paraphrase provided passages.
Closure (10 minutes)	T and SS overview the whole lesson. SS leave the room with the understanding that paraphrasing is one of the ways to avoid plagiarism; they should use more than one paraphrasing technique. T invites SS to ask questions concerning their final qualification work.
Reflection on Lesson Implementation

Appendix 1

PARAPHRASING

Paraphrase means to rewrite the words or sentences using different words and phrases but with the same meaning. In-text citation includes the author’s last name and the year of publication.

Example:

Quotation: In his article Sinnott (2004) declared, “There are diseases we cannot know are incubating, ready to break out. I worry not just that we will see more, but that their severity will increase” (p.15).

Paraphrase: Sinnott (2004) expressed his concern that the future may bring diseases that are more severe than what we have experienced to date.

Follow the steps when paraphrasing:

1. 
   Select a short passage (about one to four sentences) that supports an idea in your paper.
   
2. 
   Read the passage carefully to fully understand it.
   
3. 
   Take notes about the main idea and supporting points you think you should include in the paraphrase. Include keywords and terms used by the author.
   
4. 
   Using only your notes, write paraphrase. Your paraphrase should be about the same length as the original source.
   
5. 
   Reread the original source, is there important information that you have forgotten or written inaccurately? Is your paraphrase to similar to the original source? If so, revise your paraphrase.
   
6. 
   Add in-text citation if you have not already done so.
   

(Tunceren L., Cavusgil S., (2006), College Writing 4, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, NY)

Appendix 2

TECHNIQUES TO PARAPHRASE

There must be more than one technique used in paraphrasing. In case you used only one technique it means you didn’t paraphrase at all.

1. 
   Change a word form from one part of speech to another.
   

Original: Medical Professor John Swanson says that global changes are influencing the spread of disease.

Paraphrase: According to John Swanson, a professor of medicine, changes across the globe are causing diseases to spread. (James, 2004)

Original	Paraphrase
Medical professor	Professor of medicine
Global changes	Changes across the globe
The spread of disease	Diseases to spread

2. 
   Use synonyms.
   

Original: The U.S. government declared that the AIDS crisis poses a national security threat. The announcement followed an intelligence report that found that high rates of HIV infection could lead to widespread political destabilization.

Paraphrase:The government of the United States announced that AIDS could harm the nations security . The government warned the population after an important governmental study concluded that political problems could result from large numbers of people infected with HIV. (Snell, 2005).

Original	Paraphrase
Declared
An intelligence report
found
High rates
Political destabilization

3. 
   Change numbers and percentages to different forms.
   

Original: Minority groups in the United States have been hit hardest by the epidemic. African Americans, who made up 13 percent of the US population, accounted for 46 percent of the AIDS cases diagnosed in 1998.

Paraphrase: The AIDS epidemic has mostly affected minorities in the United States. For example, in 1998, less than 15 percent of the total population was African American, but almost half of the people diagnosed with AIDS in the United States that year were African American (Jenson, 2000)

Original	Paraphrase
13 percent of the U.S. population
46 percent of the AIDS cases

4. 
   Change the word order (e.g., change from active to passive and vice versa, move modifiers to different positions).
   

Original: Angier (2001) reported that malaria kills more than one million people annually, the overwhelming majority of them children in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Paraphrase: Every year, more than a million people are killed by malaria, and most of the victims are children who live in Sub-Saharan Africa (Angier, 2001)

Original	Paraphrase
Annually
Malaria kills more than one million people

5. 
   Use different definition structures.
   

Original: Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease caused by a bacterium transmitted by ticks (small bloodsucking arachnids that attach themselves to larger animals). The disease usually characterized by a rash followed by fly-like symptoms, including fever, joint pain, and headache.

Paraphrase: Lyme disease – a disease that causes swelling and redness – is caused by a bacterium carried by a small arachnid known as a tick. The ticks attach to and suck the blood of animals and humans. As a tick bites, it transfers some of the Lyme disease bacteria into the animal or human. The symptoms of Lyme disease include a fever, pains in joints, and a headache (Wald,2005)

Original	Paraphrase
Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease
Ticks (small bloodsucking arachnids)

6. 
   Use different attribution signals.
   

Original:”That’s because there are so many different ways the disease could have arrived,” veterinarian Mark Walters declared in his recent book, Six Modern plagues.

Paraphrase: According to Mark Walters, a veterinarian who wrote Six Modern Plagues, the disease could have arrived in numerous ways (Peterson, 2004).

Original	Paraphrase
Mark Walters declared

7. 
   Change the sentence structure, and use different connecting words.
   

Original: Although only about one-tenth of the world population lives there, sub-Saharan Africa remains the hardest-hit region, accounting for 72 percent of the people infected with HIV during 2001.

Paraphrase: Approximately 10 percent of the world’s population resides in sub-Saharan Africa. However, this area of the world has the highest percentage of AIDS-related illnesses. In fact, in 2000, almost three-fourths of the population had the HIV virus (Bunting, 2004).

Original	Paraphrase
Although…, sub-Saharan Africa remains the hardest hit region…
… accounting for 72 percent of the people…

8. 
   Do not change the key terms or proper nouns.
   

Original: In the northeastern United States, people are building homes on the edge of woods, where the ticks that carry Lyme disease hitch rides on deer. In addition, in Africa, hunters bring back the meat of animals that scientists think may transmit Ebola, a usually fatal virus that causes massive hemorrhaging in its victims.

Paraphrase: In the United States, residential areas are being built near wooded areas in the northeast. These areas are also the homes of ticks carrying Lyme disease . Also, according to scientists, hunters in Africa kill animals that may carry the Ebola virus (an often fatal virus that causes massive hemorrhaging) (Yaya, 2004)

Original	Paraphrase
Tick that carry Lyme disease
In Africa
Ebola
Massive hemorrhaging

(Tunceren L., Cavusgil S., (2006), College Writing 4, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, NY)

Answer Key:

1. 
   Change a word form from one part of speech to another.
   

Original: Medical Professor John Swanson says that global changes are influencing the spread of disease.

Paraphrase: According to John Swanson, a professor of medicine, changes across the globe are causing diseases to spread. (James, 2004)

Original	Paraphrase
Medical professor	Professor of medicine
Global changes	Changes across the globe
The spread of disease	Diseases to spread

2. 
   Use synonyms.
   

Original: The U.S. government declared that the AIDS crisis poses a national security threat. The announcement followed an intelligence report that found that high rates of HIV infection could lead to widespread political destabilization.

Paraphrase:The government of the United States announced that AIDS could harm the nations security . The government warned the population after an important governmental study concluded that political problems could result from large numbers of people infected with HIV. (Snell, 2005).

Original	Paraphrase
Declared	Announced
An intelligence report	A governmental study
found	Concluded
High rates	Large number of people
Political destabilization	Political problems

3. 
   Change numbers and percentages to different forms.
   

Original: Minority groups in the United States have been hit hardest by the epidemic. African Americans, who made up 13 percent of the US population, accounted for 46 percent of the AIDS cases diagnosed in 1998.

Paraphrase: The AIDS epidemic has mostly affected minorities in the United States. For example, in 1998, less than 15 percent of the total population was African American, but almost half of the people diagnosed with AIDS in the United States that year were African American (Jenson, 2000)

Original	Paraphrase
13 percent of the U.S. population	Less than 15 percent of the total population
46 percent of the AIDS cases	Almost half of the people diagnosed with AIDS

4. 
   Change the word order (e.g., change from active to passive and vice versa, move modifiers to different positions).
   

Original: Angier (2001) reported that malaria kills more than one million people annually, the overwhelming majority of them children in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Paraphrase: Every year, more than a million people are killed by malaria, and most of the victims are children who live in Sub-Saharan Africa (Angier, 2001)

Original	Paraphrase
Annually	Every year
Malaria kills more than one million people	More than a million people are killed by malaria

5. 
   Use different definition structures.
   

Original: Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease caused by a bacterium transmitted by ticks (small bloodsucking arachnids that attach themselves to larger animals). The disease usually characterized by a rash followed by fly-like symptoms, including fever, joint pain, and headache.

Paraphrase: Lyme disease – a disease that causes swelling and redness – is caused by a bacterium carried by a small arachnid known as a tick. The ticks attach to and suck the blood of animals and humans. As a tick bites, it transfers some of the Lyme disease bacteria into the animal or human. The symptoms of Lyme disease include a fever, pains in joints, and a headache (Wald,2005)

Original	Paraphrase
Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease	Lyme disease – a disease that causes swelling and redness
Ticks (small bloodsucking arachnids)	A small arachnid known as a tick

6. 
   Use different attribution signals.
   

Original:”That’s because there are so many different ways the disease could have arrived,” veterinarian Mark Walters declared in his recent book, Six Modern plagues.

Paraphrase: According to Mark Walters, a veterinarian who wrote Six Modern Plagues, the disease could have arrived in numerous ways (Peterson, 2004).

Original	Paraphrase
Mark Walters declared	According to Mark Walters

7. 
   Change the sentence structure, and use different connecting words.
   

Original: Although only about one-tenth of the world population lives there, sub-Saharan Africa remains the hardest-hit region, accounting for 72 percent of the people infected with HIV during 2001.

Paraphrase: Approximately 10 percent of the world’s population resides in sub-Saharan Africa. However, this area of the world has the highest percentage of AIDS-related illnesses. In fact, in 2000, almost three-fourths of the population had the HIV virus (Bunting, 2004).

Original	Paraphrase
Although…, sub-Saharan Africa remains the hardest hit region…	…population reside in sub-Saharan Africa. However, …
… accounting for 72 percent of the people…	In fact, in 2000, almost three-fourths of the population…

8. 
   Do not change the key terms or proper nouns.
   

Original: In the northeastern United States, people are building homes on the edge of woods, where the ticks that carry Lyme disease hitch rides on deer. In addition, in Africa, hunters bring back the meat of animals that scientists think may transmit Ebola, a usually fatal virus that causes massive hemorrhaging in its victims.

Paraphrase: In the United States, residential areas are being built near wooded areas in the northeast. These areas are also the homes of ticks carrying Lyme disease . Also, according to scientists, hunters in Africa kill animals that may carry the Ebola virus (an often fatal virus that causes massive hemorrhaging) (Yaya, 2004)

Original	Paraphrase
Tick that carry Lyme disease	Ticks carrying Lyme disease
In Africa	In Africa
Ebola	The Ebola virus
Massive hemorrhaging	Massive hemorrhaging

Appendix 3

A paraphrase is...

• 
  your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.
  
• 
  one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source.
  
• 
  a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.
  

Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because...

• 
  it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage.
  
• 
  it helps you control the temptation to quote too much.
  
• 
  the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.
  

6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing

1. 
   Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.
   
2. 
   Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.
   
3. 
   Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.
   
4. 
   Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.
   
5. 
   Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.
   
6. 
   Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.
   

Some examples to compare

The original passage:

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

A legitimate paraphrase:

In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

An acceptable summary:

Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).

A plagiarized version:

Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

Paraphrasing Exercise

Summary: This resource discusses how to paraphrase correctly and accurately.

Contributors: Purdue OWL
Last Edited: 2010-04-21 07:48:34

Directions: On a separate piece of paper, write a paraphrase of each of the following passages. Try not to look back at the original passage.

1. "The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. "The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity." From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon (May 1990):17.

2. The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was a bad joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They were the years when organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed powerless to do anything against it. Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land, and men like Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie became the heroes of the young. The flapper was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and short skirts, she symbolized, perhaps more than anyone or anything else, America's break with the past. From Kathleen Yancey, English 102 Supplemental Guide (1989): 25.

3. Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head. From "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348.

4. Matisse is the best painter ever at putting the viewer at the scene. He's the most realistic of all modern artists, if you admit the feel of the breeze as necessary to a landscape and the smell of oranges as essential to a still life. "The Casbah Gate" depicts the well-known gateway Bab el Aassa, which pierces the southern wall of the city near the sultan's palace. With scrubby coats of ivory, aqua, blue, and rose delicately fenced by the liveliest gray outline in art history, Matisse gets the essence of a Tangier afternoon, including the subtle presence of the bowaab, the sentry who sits and surveys those who pass through the gate. From Peter Plagens, "Bright Lights." Newsweek (26 March 1990): 50.

5. While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering so far, it's unlikely that architects and engineers have abandoned the quest for the world's tallest building. The question is: Just how high can a building go? Structural engineer William LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly one-half mile high, twice as tall as the Sears Tower. And architect Robert Sobel claims that existing technology could produce a 500-story building. From Ron Bachman, "Reaching for the Sky." Dial (May 1990): 15.

Paraphrasing Exercise: Possible Answers

Here are sample answers for the paraphrasing exercise:

1. According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity of people in Antarctica is jeopardizing a delicate natural mechanism that controls the earth's climate. He fears that human activity could interfere with the balance between the sun, the source of the earth's heat, and the important source of cold from Antarctic waters that flow north and cool the oceans and atmosphere ("Captain Cousteau" 17).

2. During the twenties lawlessness and social nonconformity prevailed. In cities organized crime flourished without police interference, and in spite of nationwide prohibition of liquor sales, anyone who wished to buy a drink knew where to get one. Musicians like Louis Armstrong become favorites, particularly among young people, as many turned away from highly respectable classical music to jazz. One of the best examples of the anti-traditional trend was the proliferation of young "flappers," women who rebelled against custom by cutting off their hair and shortening their skirts (Yancey 25).

3. The use of a helmet is the key to reducing bicycling fatalities, which are due to head injuries 75% of the time. By cushioning the head upon impact, a helmet can reduce accidental injury by as much as 85%, saving the lives of hundreds of victims annually, half of whom are school children ("Bike Helmets" 348).

4. Matisse paintings are remarkable in giving the viewer the distinct sensory impressions of one experiencing the scene first hand. For instance, "The Casbah Gate" takes one to the walled city of Tangier and the Bab el Aassa gateway near the Sultan's palace, where one can imagine standing on an afternoon, absorbing the splash of colors and the fine outlines. Even the sentry, the bowaab vaguely eyeing those who come and go through the gate, blends into the scene as though real (Plagens 50).

5. How much higher skyscrapers of the future will rise than the present world marvel, the Sears Tower, is unknown. However, the design of one twice as tall is already on the boards, and an architect, Robert Sobel, thinks we currently have sufficient know-how to build a skyscraper with over 500 stories (Bachman 15).