Second edition

Functions
Grammar
unite	Expressing likes	First and third person present simple affirmative: 1 like he/she likes ...
Unit 7	Expressing dislikes	First and third person present simple negative: 1 don’t like he/she doesn’t like ...

© Combining functions and grammar helps to give grammar meaning and context. It also helps learners to learn functions together with grammatical structures that they can then transfer to other contexts for use.
■■■See. Unit. i5\for-more .on.: the. Funct/onal--Approach,-Unfts.-76;ond-:i7;for:teac/jmg-£iCtiV/t/e5--for-functions, Units i$ and 21 for lesson planning, and Units 27-28 for classroom functions.





(See page 238for answers)

1. 
   List at least three different exponents for each of these functions and choose a different register for each exponent; agreeing, clarifying, giving an opinion, thanking.
   
2. 
   Go through the list of exponents you made in 1 and mark them F {formal), N (neutral) or I (informal). Think of situations in which it would be appropriate or inappropriate to use these exponents.
   
3. 
   Look at your list of exponents. Which would you teach to classes of secondary school learners, 5-year-old beginners, advanced business students?
   

Think about these comments from teachers. Which do you agree with and why?

1. 
   Learners prefer learning functions to learning grammar.
   
2. 
   Le a rni ng f u n ct i о n .s i s m ore u sef u 1 f о г I nte rm ed ia te or ad va n ced 1 earners 1 ha n for beginners.
   
3. 
   И is very useful for learners to learn functions for essay writing and letter writing.
   
4. 
   Primary learners do not need to learn functions.
   

29

Module i

1. 
   Look at your coursebook, Does it leach functions? Why / why not?
   
2. 
   What kinds of activities arc used in your coursebook to introduce and practise functions? How docs the coursebook help learners deal with the grammar of the functions?
   
3. 
   In your Teacher Portfolio list six functions your learners might need to help them use English outside the classroom- List the most useful exponents for them, too.
   
4. 
   To find out more about functions and exponents, look at Chapter 5 of Threshold 1990 by .LA. van Ek and J.L.M. Trim, Council of Europe, Cambridge University Press 1998,
   

3. 
   Here are some common functions: declining mi invitation, enquiring, expressing obligation, expressing preference, expressing ability, expressing intention, expressing necessity, expressing permission, expressing probability, expressing prohibition. Use a dictionary and/or the TKT Glossary to find their meanings. Can you think of two exponents for each one?
   

TKT practice task 4 (See page 245 for answers)
For questions 1-6, read the conversation between two friends in a restaurant. Match the underlined sentences with the functions listed A~G.
There is one extra option which you do not need to use.


Functions


A predicting В making an excuse G making a suggestion D asking for clarification E ordering F agreeing G disagreeing