Publisher
Verlag für Jugend und Volk (Austria)
Beacon Press
(English)
Publication date
1946 (Vienna, Austria)
1959 (United States)
Pages
200
ISBN
080701429X
OCLC
233687922 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23
3687922)
Followed by
The Doctor and the Soul: From Psychotherapy in
Logotherapy
Editions
Experiences in a concentration camp
Frankl concludes that the
meaning of life
is found in every moment of living; life never ceases
to have meaning, even in suffering and death. In a
group therapy
session during a mass fast
inflicted on the camp's inmates trying to protect an anonymous fellow inmate from fatal
retribution by authorities, Frankl offered the thought that for everyone in a dire condition
there is someone looking down, a friend, family member, or even God, who would expect not
to be disappointed. Frankl concludes from his experience that a prisoner's psychological
reactions are not solely the result of the conditions of his life, but also from the
freedom of
choice
he always has even in severe suffering. The inner hold a prisoner has on his spiritual
self relies on having a hope in the future, and that once a prisoner loses that hope, he is
doomed.
Frankl also concludes that there are only two races of men, decent men and indecent. No
society is free of either of them, and thus there were "decent"
Nazi
guards and "indecent"
prisoners, most notably the
kapo
who would torture and abuse their fellow prisoners for
personal gain.
His concluding passage in Part One describes the psychological reaction of the inmates to
their liberation, which he separates into three stages. The first is depersonalization—a period
of readjustment, in which a prisoner gradually returns to the world. Initially, the liberated
prisoners are so numb that they are unable to understand what freedom means, or to
emotionally respond to it. Part of them believes that it is an illusion or a dream that will be
taken away from them. In their first foray outside their former prison, the prisoners realized
that they could not comprehend pleasure. Flowers and the reality of the freedom they had
dreamed about for years were all surreal, unable to be grasped in their depersonalization.
The body is the first element to break out of this stage, responding by big appetites of
eating and wanting more sleeping. Only after the partial replenishing of the body is the mind
finally able to respond, as "feeling suddenly broke through the strange fetters which had
restrained it" (111).
This begins the second stage, in which there is a danger of deformation. As the intense
pressure on the mind is released, mental health can be endangered. Frankl uses the analogy of
a diver
suddenly released from his pressure chamber
. He recounts the story of a friend who
became immediately obsessed with dispensing the same violence in judgment of his abusers
that they had inflicted on him.
Upon returning home, the prisoners had to struggle with two fundamental experiences which
could also damage their mental health: bitterness and disillusionment. The last stage is
bitterness at the lack of responsiveness of the world outside—a "superficiality and lack of
feeling...so disgusting that one finally felt like creeping into a hole and neither hearing nor
seeing human beings any more" (113). Worse was disillusionment, which was the discovery
that suffering does not end, that the longed-for happiness will not come. This was the
experience of those who—like Frankl—returned home to discover that no one awaited them.
The hope that had sustained them throughout their time in the concentration camp was now
gone. Frankl cites this experience as the most difficult to overcome.
As time passed, however, the prisoner's experience in a concentration camp finally became
nothing but a remembered nightmare. What is more, he comes to believe that he has nothing
left to fear any more, "except his God" (115).
The book has been identified as one of the most influential books in the United States. At the
time of Frankl's death in 1997, the book had sold over 10 million copies and had been
translated into 24 languages.
However, aspects of the book have garnered criticism. One of Frankl's main claims in the book
is that a
positive attitude
was essential to surviving the camps. Consequently, he implied and
thus helped
perpetuate the pervasive myth
that those who died had given up. Historians have
concluded by contrast that there was little connection between attitude and survival and in
reality the implication that
Holocaust victims were partially responsible for their fate
contained in the book is a derangement of the historical record.
[6]
Holocaust analyst
Lawrence L. Langer
finds Frankl's promotion of his logotherapy ideology,
the problematic subtext, the tone of self-aggrandizement and general inhumane sense of
studying-detachment with which Frankl appears to have treated the victims of the
Holocaust, as all deeply problematic.
[7][8][9]
In his book Faith in Freedom, psychiatrist
Thomas Szasz
states that Frankl's "survivor"
testimony was written to misdirect, and betrays instead an intent of a transparent effort to
conceal Frankl's actions and his collaboration with the Nazis, and that, in the assessment of
Raul Hilberg
, the founder of
Holocaust Studies
, Frankl's historical account is a deception akin
to
Binjamin Wilkomirski
's infamous memoirs, which were translated into nine languages before
being exposed as fraudulent in Hilberg's 1996, Politics of Memory.
[10]
Szasz's rejection of the
concept of mental illness makes him a controversial figure in medical studies, and his criticism
Reception
of Frankl is not universally embraced. Similarly, Hilberg's allegations have been rebutted by
several reviewers.
Existential anxiety
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Statue of Responsibility
– proposed in the book to complement the
Statue of Liberty
Life Is Beautiful
(1997), film on how a positive attitude can be maintained in the worst of
circumstances, including a concentration camp
1. Fein, Esther (1991).
"Book Notes" (https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/20/books/book-notes-05909
1.html)
. New York Times. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
2. Noble, Holcomb B. (September 4, 1997).
"Dr. Viktor E. Frankl of Vienna, Psychiatrist of the Search
for Meaning, Dies at 92" (https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/04/world/dr-viktor-e-frankl-of-vienna-p
sychiatrist-of-the-search-for-meaning-dies-at-92.html)
. The New York Times. p. B-7. Retrieved
22 May 2012.
3.
"Viktor Frankl Life and Work" (http://www.viktorfrankl.org/e/lifeandwork.html)
. Viktor Frankl
Institute Vienna. 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
4. Man's Search for Meaning, Viktor Frankl. Beacon Press, 2006,
ISBN
978-0807014264
5. Frankl, Viktor (1959).
Man's Search for Meaning (https://archive.org/details/manssearchformea00
vikt)
.
ISBN
978-0807014295
.
. Middleton-Kaplan, Richard (2014). "The Myth of Jewish Passivity". In Henry, Patrick (ed.). Jewish
Resistance Against the Nazis. Washington, D.C.:
Catholic University of America Press
. pp. 9–10.
ISBN
978-0813225890
.
7. [Lawrence Langer, Versions of Survival: The Holocaust and the Human Spirit (Albany: State
University of New York Press, 1982), p.24. [End Page 107]
. Pytell, Timothy (June 3, 2003).
"Redeedming the Unredeemable: Auschwitz and Man's Search for
Meaning" (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/43137)
. Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 17 (1): 89–113.
doi
:
10.1093/hgs/17.1.89 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F17.1.89)
– via Project MUSE.
9.
"exitana" (http://www.szasz.com/exitana.html)
. www.szasz.com.
10. Faith in Freedom, pg 181 Thomas Szasz
See also
References
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